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I don't think recruiters keep metrics on anything. Once the candidate is hired, they consider their job done. Companies appear unwilling to measure recruiting and employee success, so the inefficient hiring processes continue.

Depends upon the type of recruiter. An external one will likely have a few follow-ups, because it's how they get paid. An internal one, however, won't bother unless the company is excessively on the huggy-feely side.

I've always known referrals to do exactly that; guarantee an interview.

Hasn't been my experience submitting them.

Depends on many things.

Is the employee that referred you valued at the company?

Did the employee refer bad prospects in the past?

How much do they need to fill the position?

I saw a few problematic employees that always referred their friends who never got even a call.

If you lean on referrals you tend to get diversity problems.