The concept of schizophrenia is dying
theweek.com
theweek.com
There are such things as psychotic depression and post-partum depression; psychosis is a symptom of severe bipolar mania, etc.
By the way, the concept of schizophrenia first comes up in Emil Kraepelin's realization that bipolar disorder (manic-depression) and schizophrenia ("precocious dementia") are distinct pathologies -- even though they may have similar presentations at times. With this, Kraepelin also inaugurates the idea of differential diagnosis.
Similar in spirit (but less compatible with our contemporary understanding) is Freud's distinction between neurosis and "psychosis", the former being amenable to analysis. I.e. schizophrenia has always been a diagnosis of exclusion.
If people are actually being able to open up schizophrenia into further detail -- well, that's good. But there will always be a diagnosis of exclusion, we'll just euphemize it as "psychotic disorder NOS" or some such.
Its like a tribe on a pacific island had discovered boolean algebra first, and every time somebody tried to discuss comp science ever after - out of nowhere someone yells "This calls for a ritual, sacrifice the chicken, you cant discuss booleans, without being ridden by baron samedi."
Some kind of lisp with probably terrible interpreter.
The modern neuroscience is of course something like an assembler. So lisp or assembler? If you want to write modern OS, then you know the answer.
The Freud, Jung, Lacan theory is related to psychotherapeutic work is like automata theory relationships to writing modern enterprise applications.
I don't believe there is something 'true' or 'objective' in psychoanalysis - deep inside is some ocean, some chaos of different introjections, emotions and feelings. But the psychoanalysis helps to create structure there, to look and make sense out of the ocean.
There is no substitude for psychoanalysis except really good prose probably or poetry.
And of course Freud was a genius.
Penis envy? Well, I saw myself and read myself about women who desired to castrate their brothers for example because they attributed their envy and jealousy of parental attention to them.
Oedipus issues? Seriously? I believe every other mother or father out there in emotionally incestous relationships with their kids.
Id, ego, superego? It's a model of consciousness, pretty primitive, but still useful. You basically split everything into 3 buckets - e.g. compulsive lust, fetishism goes to id, rational thinking to ego, overresponsibility to superego.
Oral, anal, phallic, etc. stages of development? There were much more better theories by Theodore Lidz and Erickson.
Seeing a common subject, a set of boundaries, a possible (even if incorrect) set of guiding principles, can be genius. If it inspires further exploration or refinement or even rejection of ideas, it's a productive step.
Einstein railed against QM, Newton believed in alchemy, Kelvin though the Earth was 30 million years old, the list of people opposed to continental drift / plate techtonics is vast (see Naomi Oreskes several papers and books on the history of the development of that subject), Samuel Morse had what would now be dispicable views on race and religion, Ford was an anti-semite, Crick and/or Watson have their own failings, etc., etc., etc.
Much of genius is being able to jump out of and beyond the present dominant paradigm and mental models. It's not about being right but of being less wrong. Than that which came before, not after.
Oh, you are a paranoid schizophrenic. Well, im not going to admit defeat and helplessness- i got a reputation to run here- no Sir, you are eternally afraid for having a shorter wiener then your father. This is genius, yes, but of the marketing kind.
Freud was a misogyn and a drug addict, and he proposed a lot of theories that leave modern people scratching their heads. Eg he attributed almost all mental problems to sexuality, coined the ridiculous Oedipus complex, and once called girls „strange little beings without a penis“. Sure, the field was at the very beginning, but why did he always have to bring penises into play?
He happened to found the first thought school for explaining mental illnesses, but most of his ideas have since been accepted to be wrong or way too crude.
All three are totally orthogonal to someone being a genius -- and at least the second is a very puritan concern to level at someone regarding their contributions to science/culture/etc.
>Eg he attributed almost all mental problems to sexuality
And a heck of a lot (of the soft kind, not physiological issues) can be attributed there -- especially since the only real mechanism behind humanity's (and any animals) continued existence, and the closest thing to an "end purpose" for any individual, is reproduction.
>coined the ridiculous Oedipus complex
Nothing ridiculous about it -- and it was not for some irrelevant chance that those kind of relationships and dynamics were studied and concerned civilizations for millennia (including, but not limited nor starting from, the ancient Greek play on Oedipus).
>> Nothing ridiculous about it
Except that Freud suffered from it himself - he had a thing for his own mother - and then projected his shame onto patients to such an extent that he thought it was the foundation of everyones problems.
The challenge with analysis is that it needs to be done by the patient. Only they can see/hear whats going on in their head.
Based on my limited personal experience as a patient, this is quite insightful.
No medication could solve my issues with depression. What did turn my life around was when I was finally able to get a hold on the cycles that my mind goes through on a regular basis and terminate the feedback loop that leads to despondency for me. Counseling was only useful for me in that it allowed me to consult with someone with much more experience in the field to make sure my own observations of self matched the outward reality.
In my early twenties I believe I experienced a taste of what schizophrenia is, although I was never diagnosed with it. My mind would make connections between ideas that seemed extremely important at the time, but between which no connections actually existed. I developed a habit of taking notes when I get excited about an idea and then going back in a day or two to review them to see if it still makes sense. In the vast majority of cases they don't.
On the other hand, I find arguments based on hard facts naive and ignoring that the interpretation of facts (and the framework for understanding them) is what makes them usable for anything, not their inherent quality.
The whole point of this thread is that modern neuroscience is showing us that the classification of schizophrenia in modern terms was not rational either.
It makes sense to work at higher level information, at the level of feelings and dialogue, than at a lower level, e.g. epigenetic circumstances or neuronal metabolic disorders, if one mistakenly overestimates their grasp on the phenomenon.
Furthermore, there is no such thing as "the genes for schizophrenia" - nor would I be so quick to dismiss the skepticism he brought to the preexisting field of analyzing people's problems, just because he became a mythical figure in pop culture to the point that more people have a mistaken view of what he wrote than have read him.
Why did it matter what he wrote? Because there were many things he wrote that made people recognize things in others. Of the things they recognized, what worked either lasted and was retained, or fell out of mode due to people becoming fed up with him as long ago as the 1920s, or served as a benchmark/competition for others to test ideas against to find any that worked better. It really doesn't have much to do with stymying conversation because of cargo cult thinking..
He was absolutely unable to hold a job, or even a coherent conversation, and was in and out of half-way houses and treatment programs. At times he would get violent to himself or others as various psychotic fantasies moved him to be. He famously assaulted my sister one day before my father sent him away to stay with my mother's family (of which he was a sibling)...when he remembered the event at all he insisted he was trying to save her from one of a variety of fantastic and impossible sequences of events.
Often in tears trying to explain what he had been trying to do, the family eventually concluded that in his mind he was trying to do a good thing and help against some imaginary evil, but his reality was so distorted it had turned into harm and that we simply couldn't risk his presence any further.
Drugs of various levels of legality were a constant feature of his life. It was well known that he ended up dropping out of the Navy as a pot head that morphed into a serious cocaine and lsd user. Much of his treatment in his later years was trying to get him to stop self-medicating and to let the professionals provide the legal stuff.
He made it to his 60s before a tumble in the bathroom knocked him unconscious and sent him into a hospital bed where he never woke up. Another Uncle, the guardian of his estate, made the decision to take him off of life support and hope his next chance turned out better than this one. His autopsy wasn't revealing, his system was basically a mobile pharmacy and narcotics evidence locker combined, but it still devastated the siblings who had tried to help him find his way back to the brilliant 20 year old they last remember.
Therefore I think the best way to prevent this illness is:
- Avoid stress, especially in your 20's
- Try to have an ordered life
- Get enough sleep
- Avoid too much alcohol consumption
- Do sports (rarely a mistake I assume)
- Take jet-lags seriously
I am not sure if drugs (from the trip to the other side of the world) were involved. It is possible but I doubt it.
It's a very strange site, but it may be a good jumping of point for those doing research in to the link: http://www.schizophrenia.com/nicotine.benefits.htm
If you take ten 16 yr olds, allow them to experiment, 1-2 will drop off the world, 2-3 will have major, life changing changes to the way they view life (border line changes in said spectrum) and the rest handle it fine although with a significant change in lifestyle.
As someone who has had a close call with the boundaries of perception I believe weed is of significant concern. It has a ‘benign’ perception but for those it effects it can take their heads off to places which are not healthy for fitting into normal, standard life. Aka the general ‘schizophrenic’ term
Those who I know whom have gone off the deep end so to say, seem to have had other troubles in life which compounded to become too much to handle for them.
I don't think it's helpful to put cannabis in the same baket as literally hallucinogenic substances like LSD or "magic mushrooms".
(By the way, I don't smoke weed anymore and possibly never will again.)
In most of the civilized western world (EU etc), usually not even a slap on the wrist.
But if you are a student wanning to become a software-developer, then yes, allmost nobody cares.
Also in bavaria, there have been charges against people for driving under drugs, even though they only posessed them and did not consume at that time ...
On that topic, few things is more irritating than reading a high-nosed comment telling you that "actually, in the EU/civilized world..." as if you were american when you're not and you do actually live in that fantasy land you're being lectured about. It happens a lot these days.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3747247/ "21,967 respondents (13.4% weighted) reported lifetime psychedelic use. There were no significant associations between lifetime use of any psychedelics, lifetime use of specific psychedelics (LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, peyote), or past year use of LSD and increased rate of any of the mental health outcomes. Rather, in several cases psychedelic use was associated with lower rate of mental health problems."
Now everyone agrees 16 yr olds shouldn't be abusing any psychoactive drugs while their brain is still developing, but don't ruin it for us adults, it is an important part of the human experience (though it isn't for everyone, since for psychedelics, expanding the way you view life is generally the end goal.)
I definitely feel it's a pity that it's illegal and so demonized, though. It's the most fun I've had with $4, and I unreservedly recommend it.
Try Ayahuasca. In my experience it is much more consistently mystical.
If I use myself as example. I don't use any psychedelics because I'm completely satisfied with my level of creativity. As a result it's possible that we completely lack data on how psychedelics mingle with naturally high creativity.
I also don't use weed, because it just simply makes me uncomfortable. That could be my brain protecting me from weed, as I may have strong tendency to go completely insane with prolonged use.
Those are just anecdotal speculations to illustrate a point. I'm not really claiming that they are any sort of facts.
Given that tons of (already very creative) musicians, painters, writers, etc have tried and used them, I really doubt this...
Do we actually know that many creative musicians, writers etc. were creative before using? I'd imagine it's really tricky to track down the starting dates of drug use. Or when someone started composing for that matter.
But yeah, that was just to illustrate the point anyhow. And the point is that people self select heavily on which drugs they use. So the user group of any drug is not representative sample.
Also your last sentence seems incomplete - did you intend to complete your thought, or at least use punctuation?
Paranoia, very unpleasant thoughts and paranoia, sad feeling, accentuated body pain (I have chronic back/hip pain), headaches, anxiety. It's basically the opposite of what THC advocates seem to describe. And I've consumed quite a bit of it.
Hopefully along with legalization we can see a lot less proselytizing and some more realistic and scientific analysis.
And then there's the non-intoxicating CBD parts, that are becoming popular for those who want the relaxation, but not the head high.
Alcohol has a very broad scope as well, ranging from toxic cleaners, to light dessert wines, to tripel beers and "four loco" drinks. It's very easy to have a bad trip, or a fun night turn deadly.
I have a very low tolerance for it and while I had a few good times with it, I had what you describe happen more often than not.
But the feeling you have while on drugs generally goes away when you’re not on them. I wouldn’t assume that because taking a drug gives you a feeling that approximates a psychological problem that it would necessarily be a cause of that psychological problem beyond the time you were intoxicated.
All of this applies to alcohol as well, surely... but that is hardly a high bar.
I was a lot more tolerant of cannabis advocacy before I had kids and before legalization came on the agenda here in Canada. Now that it will be legal I hope the emphasis shifts away from advocacy and to education for responsible use.
I did in fact say that the psychological problems go away when you stop using the drug. Obviously if you're on drugs all the time, you're going to have problems.
I'm the same.
Cannabis is easily the most unpleasant drug for me these days (don't do them so much anymore though). It just gives me paranoia and anxiety and makes me totally unable to hold a conversation or even relax.
Compare that with LSD, MDMA, DMT where I generally have positive experiences. The only bad ones I've had are when I've foolishly taken them when not in the best of moods.
If something has been recently bothering you, or you are stressed or depressed or angry about something, those feelings are going to come up to the surface and manifest in very unpredictable ways, given the nature of hallucinogenics.
I learned that lesson myself. Never take a psychedelic unless you are in a good place, emotionally.
But then, I can't reconcile these things with my experiences with medical marijuana in 2012, either. I was a recreational smoker for probably 4 or 5 years of my life before the bad mushroom trip (after which, I wholesale quit drugs the very next day and also didn't have a drop of alcohol for 5-6 years). I never really experienced much anxiety from marijuana in my youth, but when I went back in 2012 it was a totally different ball game. I worked with my dispensary to try to sort out a strain that would help me and came up short.
FWIW, I opted instead to address the utter lack of physical activity in my life and it sorted out the sleep issues and has persisted to today.
But there is a different view to it, than just claiming "drugs are bad".
Because there are quite some people claiming, that a "normal, standard life" with a 9 to 5 job and bounded by many weird social customs in a hectic enviroment which very often rewards lying and assholeness - is in itself not healthy. And some drugs can enable people to step outside and see things from a different angle, that "normal" is maybe not allways good. And that a different "normal" might be possible.
The main problem arises if those people now decide to escape into the psychodelic world, instead of using their insights to actually do things differently. Most of them will mentally break down, sooner or later.
And btw. "If you take ten 16 yr olds, allow them to experiment" ... most 16 yr olds will experiment, whether you allow them, or not. Which I think is good in general, for progress for the new generation, but I think the chances are much higher for things go dark, if you push them too much into illegality. Then it is much harder to help them find moderation and balancing.
So I would argue, drugs can be and are beneficial for society to develop. But they are powerful and therefore dangerous.
p.s. I was part of the ten 16 yr olds. I am very aware of how far it can go.
And I know that it can go very far. And also very far down. Actually I have to deal with exactly that right now. Someone who started of dreaming of a better world, but now reduced to a lying, selfish asshole, who now only cares, on how to sneak money out of people around him, so he can continue doing nothing and smoke his last brain cells out, while blaming everyone else. No wonder this person developed a heavy psychosis. So I know of the dangers.
But still, this person is an excemption, because otherwise allmost everyone I know of my generation, smoked weed (or more) at some point, got new experience of it or just had fun - and now lives a ordinary life.
I am curious how this may affect schzioaffective, schizoid, and schizotypal disorders. That they’re not mentioned st all in this article is rather disappointing.
The same is true for amphetamine. Interestingly, amphetamine has been hypothesised as a chemical model for schizophrenia. Amphetamine psychosis is extremely similar to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. In fact, many of the treatments used for psychotic illnesses repress dopamine activity in certain receptors (the newer ones, the typical antipsychotics, are less 'targeted' than newer ones leading to Parkinsonian side effects).
As far as I can tell, this is not generally accepted as true. At best, there is a statistical association between cannabis use in children/young adults and the later development of psychoses. As we all know, "correlation is not causation" - it may well be that those who are more likely to develop psychosis are also more likely to use cannabis and other psychoactive substances to excess.
"Compared with non-cannabis users, the daily use of high-potency, skunk-like cannabis is associated with a fivefold increase in the odds of someone developing psychosis."
But the photo caption below a picture of someone smoking weed explicitly states (not supported by a study; how could one possible do a double blind test on cannabis in the current regulatory environment) a causative effect:
"Smoking skunk every day increases your odds of developing a psychotic disorder fivefold"
Why don't they just go with the "sticky icky"
I really wish people on both sides of this argument would stop pushing what they think and just look at some evidence.
The interplay between cannabis, tobacco, medication, and psychosis is incredibly complex. We can't yet say there's no causative effects of cannabis, because it's hard to remove confounding factors.
For example: https://www.nationalelfservice.net/mental-health/substance-m...
People may be interested in it. http://www.bps.org.uk/networks-and-communities/member-micros...
It's had some criticism: it includes a bunch of people who probably aren't psychotic (auditory hallucinations are common, and not always a sign of illness, for example), and it appears to exclude a bunch of people who have severe forms of illness.
Here are two blog posts that give a thorough, evidence based, review:
https://www.nationalelfservice.net/publication-types/report/...
https://www.nationalelfservice.net/mental-health/psychosis/u...
Sometimes people are malnourished. The B-vitamins are important cofactors for metabolic activity. An old/new treatment for "schizophrenia" is Vitamin B3 [0]. My girlfriend's treatment provider did a genetic test this past summer and found that she's a poor methylator. This means that she doesn't convert folic acid (synthetic Vitamin B-9) into folate very well. They've put her on prescription folate [1], and she's doing much better than when she was just double-tranquilized. I asked the biochemist about this issue, and he said that when on a good diet with folate-rich foods (liver, etc), even 'mutants' get plenty of folate.
[0] https://www.madinamerica.com/2017/06/schizophrenia-deconstru...
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levomefolic_acid
The street pharmacy's stimulants (cocaine/meth) shred the mitochondria. These are known causes of substance-induce psychotic disorders.
People who drink heavily train their nervous system to become insulin-resistant and run on acetate (one of the breakdown products of ethanol). I think it's well-established that excess alcohol is inflammatory, which is also associated with psychosis.
So... Cute anecdote from today. I called two attorneys because I've hit a wall in my efforts to convince my girlfriend's treatment provider that she's been misdiagnosed and is not actually benefiting from the palliative maintenance medications (anti-psychotic/etc) they're still forcing her to take.
The first attorney listened to me, confirmed that it was within my legal rights to file pro-se petitions with the court, said that rural judges don't want to cause problems for their community's treatment provider, and said he couldn't help me because he'd already done some work for my girlfriend's treatment provider. He gave me the number for the second attorney.
It later occurred to me that the treatment provider certainly consulted him about my suit against them.
(minor edits)
edit2: physical injuries and inescapable/emotional stress are drains on the body's energy-producing capacity too. My other friend's father gradually became "schizophrenic" after he broke his back falling out of a tree.
Is this true, particularly in the US?
My understanding is that a doctor can prescribe basically whatever they want as long as they believe that "in their professional opinion" the potential benefit outweighs the potential harm.
It's certainly common for doctors to prescribe medication "off-label" to treat conditions for which the medication is not approved by the FDA. I don't see how prescribing a specific vitamin in an attempt to impact a mental disorder is any different from, say, prescribing modafinil for ADHD?
At the time, he thought that schizophrenia would break up into four basic groups, based on positive/negative affect (does an episode have the person doing extra activity or withdrawing) and, I think, whether or not the person has hallucinations.
I haven't really kept in touch with the literature to see how his 4-way prediction went, but I have never seen anything to counter the idea that schizophrenia is more than a single disease. And, of course, classification of disease is a key element of treating it, so if schizophrenia is not being properly classified...