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Does anyone know a good book that explains these things (CPU caches, RAM, virtual memory, etc.) in more detail?

I've found "Inside the Machine" by Jon Stokes to be quite a good read, though it's a bit dated by now (published 2006)

For programmers I would recommend a real computer architecture textbook (e.g. http://books.google.com/books?id=57UIPoLt3tkC) instead of Stokes's analogy-laden book.

Professional Linux Kernel Architecture has a good introduction into the Linux/os nomenclature.