A Test of Police Body Cameras Defies Expectations
nytimes.com
nytimes.com
By the time the police arrived, my attacker escaped in my car and the first words out of the sergeants mouth was “cut the crap, quit jerking us around, what really happened?”
Sure enough I was in a jurisdiction that only two months prior was equipped with vest cameras (due to community outrage over an execution style killing of a 21 year old black male pulled over with a phone the police thought was a gun). As an officer of the court myself I was beyond dismayed and obtained 2 different copies of police video from the scene...wouldn’t you know both officers vest videos were redacted and specifically edited out the audio of the sergeant’s first words to me and the sergeant’s video didn’t exist. The dvds even say redacted right on them, and I knew before I even watched, which is funny because I had to pay ~$100 for the video, basically paying for the time it took for the department to watch and redact the 1 part I really wanted.
How would such a system have any effect of police officer behavior?
Also, you could probably file a suit to get the unredacted video, and you could make a big stink about this. That's how you get to the next step.
In the absence of laws requiring full transparency and access to body cam footage, the body cams are just likely to be abused.
Missing audio and a big "redacted" sticker is a pretty damning evidence that "Something" was removed. IF there was nothing to hide, why did they remove it?
In the process, you destroy the evidence exonerating them, i. e. footprints of shoes much smaller than theirs.
Obstruction of justice? Nope.
Now imagine the same thing happened. Except that this time, you include their lawn not just because you always do, but to get them thrown in jail. You're really tired of doing all these chores for them, and it's time for new neighbours.
Obstruction of justice? Yep.
Intend matters.
I don't have direct experience, but I'd bet Taser doesn't let podunk police departments really "erase" video. And given the volume, you'd think it's got to be built on AWS or another big cloud provider, with pretty good forensic tools.
[0] https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/13/business/taser-internatio...
The NYTimes article you posted hints at an uncomfortably cozy relationship between Taser, law enforcement and local governments...
Yet as Taser works to sell cameras and software to more departments,
it is coming under fire for questionable business practices. In some
instances, it has paid police chiefs to travel to Taser conferences.
In other cases, chiefs who have bought Taser products have joined
the company as consultants shortly after leaving public service.
And several cities have awarded contracts to Taser without
competitive bidding.
I wouldn't trust Taser to act as faithful or impartial stewards of this data, when it's in their best business interest to maintain a positive relationship with the very entities whose corruption it exists to expose.It is probably easy for a records clerk to export redacted video, but should be hard for them to really delete video, or tamper without leaving a trail.
Some customers might justify the risk, I suppose. But if they were to regularly winkwink at cops deleting video evidence, they'd get walloped.
They will if they want to keep getting contracts.
Then it comes down to jamming, tampering, malfunction, sabotage, and any misbehavior that otherwise prevents useful recordings, since we’re talking about wearables that can be covered, discarded and left behind, even if thy can’t be turned off. But if it does get recorded, it needs to get locked up tighter than handcuffs.
That video needs to dust off and nuke the site from orbit. It’s the only way to be sure.
Make sure that the people who are responsible for the decryption and delivery of the content have incitement that the result is useful.
As someone who has been falsely accused by an officer (fortunately a minor traffic violation that I was able to make go away by paying a small fine), I've lost any faith that officers are there to serve their constituents.
Another thought is the panopticon: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon . You don't necessarily need to stream and record every cop's cam, just randomize it without indicating to the cops who's getting recorded or when.
There would still be lots of details to get right, but at least it wouldn't violate the basic underlying principles of our legal system.
But then this comes down to a jury, and most Americans still seem to trust their police officers. Just saying..
That principle is not in contradiction with the principle that power must be held accountable.
Historically, that's why public figures are called "public" in opposition to "private".
When cops' word weighs more than yours in a court of law, this requires an equivalent check against that power by only making it weigh that much when there is corroborating evidence (i.e., video proof).
Everything is at some point the fault of the police. It seems like everyone wants the police to do only what they want them to and to be punished if the police do something different.
Now I don't come from the US so can't comment on the problems with the police there and I don't know how the police there are funded but I know from my country that some of the "solutions" stated to hold the police to account would bankrupt the police here, but then I suppose that's the fault of the police as well.
I'm all for bodycams though because at the end of the day when a fabricated complaint comes in (my experience is most of them are) then these can be easily dismissed and hopefully those people actually held to account.
In the long term, this leads to a fundamentally adversarial and extractive relationship between the police and the populace, and the situation right now where police are widely hated, or at least distrusted, by significant sections of the population.
The solution to all of this is to break this extractive relationship: To prevent the police from profiting from the enforcement of some laws over others, or from seizing property only to sell it for their own gain. And, yes, to accept a rate of general taxation and redistribution that can be used to fund the institutions of a modern state. So long as the US continues to pursue the current tax model, the same shortfalls and perverse incentives to find alternative sources of revenue with exist, leading to the same poor outcomes in so many areas of government.
Currently the police are savagely being under funded as are all public sectors and crime is on the rise but the difference between the police and other public services is that people seem to understand why the other public services are not performing as good as they were, but it's the fault to the police they aren't performing as good.
Like I said I would love to see bodycams on all police but as with every public body ICT project it will be mismanaged and cost way more than it needs to. Currently the police where I am can't afford it.
(0) Their pension plans are underfunded, but those plans are rediculous compared to private sector plans.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_forfeiture_in_the_United...
Many places in the US don't have these problems, so there is nothing to solve.
Why is it hateful to the police to actually ask for their interactions? As the modern authoritarian state asks its citizens, what do you have to hide?
I'm all from transparency, not only does it keep the cops right but it also means cops are safe from fabricated complaints they are subject to. I just find some of the ideas here about how to do this ridiculous from a reality perspective. And to suggest that the police should be presumed guilty it actually worse than ridiculous.
It seems people want police to be johnny-on-the-spot when it comes to cracking down on crime immediately while simultaneously exercising extreme discretion and self-control when it comes to respecting legal rights and responsibilities.
I'm not sure who could even fulfill those kinds of expectations but it would be someone like a grizzled experienced prosecutor who has defense lawyer experience who is in good physical condition and is physically well trained.
I doubt the pool of people who meet those criteria are willing to work for police salaries.
You're trying to solve a legal problem with technology. That's dangerous, because it's hard upper limit is the technology's long-term security. Even worse, it's real upper limit is the min(technology, law)
Depends really. Moving to a different country would be my next step personally.
Nonsense. Cameras will be always used to benefit only the police as long as they control them: it's easy to cherry-pick what to record and, later on, what to release. It's easy to take off a camera altogether.
You need 3rd parties (e.g. bystanders) to be able to record what's happening and stream it it safe storage in real time.
It's sad that you're being downvoted for saying this, because it's true. As long as police are the only ones legally or practically empowered to film these encounters, they will be the ones empowered to control the narrative.
The right of citizens to film police encounters without harassment or threats is imperative.
I ask because, honestly, I don't think I care what they police say when they first walk up as long as they solve the crime, catch the perpetrator.
The problem we have nowadays is that we get to see "how the (justice system) sausage is made" a lot more than we used to. And it's disturbing. But those guys out there with uniforms on are the ones trying to survive every day and bring criminals to justice. It's easy to be an armchair quarterback.
"Given the power and trust we place in police, I don't feel it's unreasonable to expect they treat people with respect and that they're punished pretty severely when they betray that trust."
Yeah, no. It's not that dangerous.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/01/28/chart...
As far as straight up getting murdered, it's in the top 2, but #1 taxi drivers are murdered at almost 3x the rate.
For policeman it's their job to go to dangerous places.
It boils down to, I guess police is a dangerous profession, but certainly not in the extreme as shown by the existence of more dangerous professions. Also, being dangerous profession certainly doesn't excuse other types of workers to blatantly use deadly force because they are scared of their profession, and it shouldn't be an excuse for police to do the same. Yet, here we are, in a thread talking about police misconduct, and someone comes up with "but their jobs are dangerous," as if it should stand as an excuse for misconduct. It does not.
Yes, in this example, I would imagine non-government job injuries are probably under reported.
>No one has it in for ... taxi drivers
Apparently they do. They get murdered almost 3x as often per capita as police officers. Maybe it's their money they're after.
>For policeman it's their job to go to dangerous places.
The same can be said for taxi drivers, delivery drivers, postal service, electric linemen, crab fishermen, loggers, proctologists ...
I hear this every time someone with a difficult job has it pointed out to them that they're doing it badly. They don't even pretend that somehow makes it acceptable to do the job badly; I honestly don't know what effect saying it is supposed to have.
We only end up discussing the tiny fraction of police cases where things go badly.
It's easy to be an armchair pilot, but usually crashes are caused by more complex issues.
If we were as diligent with our police forces as we are with commercial airlines we wouldn't have as many bad cops.
I don't know how to be an orthopedic surgeon. The closest thing I've had to medical training was a first aid and CPR class. What I do know is that if an orthopedic surgeon, upon first seeing an overweight patient complaining of hip pain says "lay off the cheeseburgers and your hip will be fine, you fat slob", that doctor is doing a bad job. Not only is it hostile and rude, it fails to attempt to adequately understand the situation before rushing to judgement.
I do know a little about how to be a police officer. I went to school for it, but decided that wasn't what I want to do with my life. Accusing a complainant of lying right off the bat without any investigation when the complaint is anything more believable than an alien abduction, then having the evidence of your rudeness deleted is not how to be a good cop. I don't think it really takes much training or experience to reach that conclusion.
If my arm was made out of a chair, I'd think I'd have difficulty throwing the ball to a wide receiver.
Interesting, because most police officers don't need to go to school for it to get the job, right?
It's usually not a minimum requirement, but a degree, usually in criminal justice, can be a significant competitive advantage in applications.
You don't strictly need to go to school to be a professional programmer, either, but people still go to school for it.
The next morning I get a call from the detective in the county to the South confirming he obtained video from the gas station where this all originated (the defendant approaching me while I’m pumping gas).
Next I get a notification from Apple my iPad has been found, which I placed in lost/stolen mode. I call the detective who doesn’t answer his phone and then the police station in the county where I escaped and my iPad was located. Dispatch informed me they would not go to the address provided by Apple to look for the defendant, my car or iPad until I drove back up to that county and met with the police.
I drove back to the county and met with two police officers who drove to the address (only 1.5 miles from the police station) but they did not see my vehicle, and apparently there was no way they would get a warrant to search the domicile for my iPad and they wouldn’t bother knocking to see if the suspect was there.
Unconvinced I worked up the nerve to drive by the property myself...I’ll be damned if I didn’t see my car driving up and down the streets of this neighborhood. I did my best to tail the car until it parked 1 house away from the address provided by Apple, and watched as the defendant got out of my car walked into the the street as I drove past. Once again I called 911 and plead they come back out to the address while I waited a few blocks away.
Once I saw a police car enter the neighborhood I followed until we arrived at my car which had already been relocated about a block away from where I saw it park and I drove past the defendant. On scene an officer was questioning 2 individuals on the front porch of the house where my car was parked and the defendant was standing on the sidewalk about 5 feet from my car. I basically yelled officer that’s the man who kidnapped me with a gun and car jacked me. He was handcuffed and taken into custody.
Shortly after I was asked to appear at the police station where I ended up being questioned and accused of trying to buy “the hard stuff”...I had to ask, apparently that’s crack. And this was the same detective who already obtained video of the gas station corroborating my entire story, I explained I was an attorney that I had just run 18 miles on the morning I was kidnapped (showed my run keeper app and everything) and otherwise I wasn’t celebrating my 18 mile run with crack. Almost immediately I was told I can go, of course I asked if he would get a warrant to recover my iPad and more important look for the gun, and I was told “no, those kinds of resources don’t exist.”
The defendant was arrested on Sunday, charged with grand theft of an auto and bonded out on Monday. Not until the “State Attorney Hearing” a few weeks later where the State attoney confirmed she had 2 prior cases against this guy where with similar facts: he stole a car in the county to the South and the cars were recovered in the county to the North, did I finally feel vindicated. Then, 1 week later his bond was revoked and the real charges came including assault with a deadly weapon and kidnapping with a fire arm.
As to it being easy to be a armchair quarterback, I wouldn’t know but I’ll take your word for it.
Edit: deleted link to the public record of the case
And I'm being serious. If it's that big of a problem for you, and you're getting robbed at gunpoint, GET THE CRAP OUT OF THERE.
Mine just sent a guy on ten day suspension WITHOUT PAY for getting mad at his kids football game and throwing a helmet. He was off-duty and still reflected poorly on the profession and his department so BAM, 10 days without pay.
It even made the news because so many people care about it.
Contrast that with whatever cesspool you're stuck living in, and once again, I suggest: You should probably move. Unless you're just exagerating and you're not actually in fear of injustice. But if your story is true, you should be.
Because if you think every police department is like that, then you're either listening to non-stop propaganda, or, surrounded by actual shit police departments.
And before you think I'm some automatic "cop defender", when I lived just 100 miles away for college, I was surrounded by shit cops, some of which who went to prison for being shit cops, and one even lied on a police report that I tried to file when I was robbed.
I dont know about "deserved" but if they can make it a drug case then they can keep the car, the ipad, and probably steal err "seize" more property from the victim under civil asset forfeiture
Further they can use that statistic to point to an increase in "drug activity" in the county opening up the dept for grants from the DEA and other federal programs under the failed War on Drugs
A simple car jacking they get no money for. Violent crime they get no money for
Drugs is where the money is
Could you elaborate on that? I have some thoughts but want to know if my thoughts are really valid. What type of court officer are you? Is it in the same jurisdiction? Things like that. I don't want to prejudice your responses.
(I should also mention that my thoughts aren't going to put any blame on you.)
Technically though, officer of the court is a pretty broad term that includes judges, magistrates, medical examiners and coroners, process servers, interpreters, and even bail bondsman. Anyone who plays a role in the functioning of the court and has duties to ensure justice is carried out. But really in practice you never hear anyone except lawyers refer to themselves as such.
It's usually a phrase we use to indicate that messing with us means messing with the judicial system, which tends to invite harsh punishment from judges, who are after all themselves attorneys.
Did they beat you up, refuse to help you, or something like that?
You'd better believe it matters when they come after you for (say) making false statements to the police, and it's their word against yours, and the court always sides with the cops.
I don't understand your point at all about "tainting evidence" and how that could possibly follow from brusque questioning.
Once you start deferring to police officers' immediate judgement, the legal process is tainted to amplify every single stereotype police officers hold.
White victims will obviously be treated with more deference than blacks, Spanish-speaking people will all be assumed to be illegal immigrants etc.
So the young man accused of something will be "brusquely questioned" within the first minutes and confess to the crime. While the old woman is treated with deference, has a chance to talk to a lawyer, and never gets convicted.
And the worst thing is the spiral, self-amplifying nature: start like that, and the sort of people already suspect will be the only ones actually being charged with crimes and convicted, which will reinforce all the ideas the process started out with.
I am sure they do, that does not mean 70% of people are lying. Just means they are bullied into changing their story to appease the cops.
90% of all cases end in a plea bargain or other guilty/no-contest finding outside of a trial, do you honestly believe the police are that good, or is the legal system one big extortion racket designed to punish anyone that wants to stand up for themselves, their rights or their innocence?
Hint... the police are not that good... and thousands of innocent people are ground away by the system daily
One reason is that the police department thought it mattered.
I’ll explain it like this...I felt revictimized. In my estimation four officers spent their time questioning me instead of any resources attempting to locate the gunman actively getting away in my car.
The truth is even being forced to drive my attacker at gun point for approximately 25 minutes, I felt some degree of control in the sense I had some power to make a decision even as bad as all of the available options were pretty bad. At some point after exhausting everything I could think of to negotiate myself out of the situation safely (i.e. please just let me out and take my phone and wallet; I’m a lawyer maybe I can help you, you don’t need to do this), I accepted that very likely what was going on is I was being forced to drive to an isolated location where I would be shot and my body wouldn’t be found.
Accepting something like that as reality is actually empowering - and I even testified to this - I considered driving my car into a concrete median on the highway at high speed; making a move to grab the gun and fight; I considered driving my car off the shoulder of the highway down a grassy hill and trying to roll out. And these were very real possibilities and options I could have attempted thinking at least if I lived I would get medical treatment quickly if this happened on I-95 and he would likely get caught...which I felt was unlikely if I allowed the entire thing to play out in some isolated location. At the end the gunman forced me to exit the highway and I made my move when being directed to do a u-turn at an intersection.
So you have to consider I’m not trained for any of this, but still I felt somewhat in control in the sense that I could make a choice. And when I escaped I felt some degree of elation, because of all my options I ended up picking one that got me away from a gunman relatively unharmed physically considering. But then I felt instead of pursing this gunman who was making an active get away in my car there were 4 officers busy questioning me the most senior of them setting the tone for the rest by basically telling me I’m full of shit before even speaking with me. I felt more victimized than with the gunman, because the reality was I had no options, I had no recourse, and in my mind their own bias ensured this guy would safely make a get away in my car (which he did). So based on nothing more than how the one officer treated me I felt more victimized by them than the gunman, because I actually had less power.
I went from feeling I made the right choice by escaping, to thinking I did the wrong thing and that what I should have done is try to fight and take the gun...godforbid something like this ever takes place again, it is very likely I will take that option, knowing full well life isn’t some movie where the good guy always wins.
And it’s not just about me but about the next victim and how they are treated, maybe it’s a woman escaping a sexually motivated attacker and this officer asking why she is dressed so provocatively if she didn’t want it. Chilling effects are real, and telling a victim they are lying as the first words out of your mouth while showing zero interest in pursuing the suspect making an active getaway from the scene sets the tone. Then again it was this slight (perceived or not) that resulted in me locating the suspect with 24 hours, even with a location from a stolen iPad there was an initial refusal for the police to go to the location, it was me who drove to the location and confirmed my vehicle location and the gunman, and that burden really should not have been on me, I should have felt confident the police would find this guy especially when I provided them with a location from my iPad that happened to be in the car. So you tell me, did they refuse to help me?
It was unbecoming of their professional standards (even off-duty) and he's representing the community. It even made the news (how I heard about it).
So remember, there are plenty of good cops and good forces out there. It's just the shit ones never get held accountable.
People who work in retail who grow to hate customers are not bad. Most probably want to yell at or strangle certain customers but they don't.
Giving people power without accountability is the problem.
Meanwhile, when I went to college ~100 miles away, man, the PD was horrific. They even lied on a police report I tried to file when I was robbed and said to my face (when I confronted them) "I'm not filing that report for you."
Even if you do prove they stopped you from recording, so what? You don't have evidence of your interaction to implicate them. As long as they recite the magical words, that they believed they were in the right, current legal doctrine will look the other way(see Heien vs North Carolina - https://blog.simplejustice.us/2014/12/16/heien-v-north-carol... - and similar).
You just start recording them, and then if they try to stop you, their attempt to stop you is now recorded, and hopefully in the cloud where they can't delete it.
1. If I have my phone on and recording, the police can seize it (ie, grab it from me). At best, I'd be able to turn it off, but it's been shown multiple times that they can force me to provide my fingerprint to unlock it.
2. If I turn my phone off (so they need my pin, which they can't force from me), I can't record.
The phone is encrypted - but the battery isn't removable, and I assume there's more than one way to get at the data as long as the phone stays on (usb/pin header access, some form of cold boot attack, kernel 0day).
I seem to recall the iPhone used to be similar wrt using the camera on a locked device - you can disable the touch id and enable a more secure pin? (although, if it's still possible to brute force the hsm, going to a "secure" number of digits isn't really practical. But six digits with three attempts before actually hardware enforced cool down should help a bit. But even at just 1 guesses / 3 seconds on average, it'd at worst take a month (15 days on average) to get into such a device, assuming an automated/robot brute force toolkit - especially with faulty tamper resistant hw).
Ideally the camera streams would be maintained by an independent, non-commercial body, with clear tenets, written with privacy in mind.
You're a real life action hero for escaping a gun man in a moving vehicle!
But yeah, it's expensive, so it's more convenient for Americans to be tough on crime.
The fix here is likely political... body cams are a desperate attempt to make things a tiny bit better...
Is it that this constitutes interrogation tactics? I know in other cases police have redacted tactics on the premise it would reduce their effectiveness.
This is literally impossible. Researchers tracked reports of use-of-force incidents, which is factually rather different. If you hypothetically have fewer incidents and simultaneously higher percentage reporting of incidents when people are able to see if there's probable evidence supporting their complaints (i.e. the visible presence of a body camera), you could end up with a similar number of reports. This would be especially true when reported incident counts are percentagewise quite low relative to total encounters.
I'm not saying that this is true or even likely. I'm saying that it sounds like they didn't actually learn what they are saying they learned, and if true then that cavalier lack of contemplation is very upsetting.
> The primary outcomes of interest were documented uses of force and civilian complaints
The DC/Baltimore area has had some recent high profile falsification of evidence accidentally caught on camera cases. I notice that it's not discussed. Maybe catching when police plant evidence is a legitimately worthwhile endeavor.
Besides, we already know that gathering evidence of malpractice is irrelevant if no meaningful punishment ever results from it.
This is unfair. You're complaining that they didn't do something that you admit is impossible. They measured essentially everything they could.
"Researchers tracked use-of-force incidents" -> "Researchers tracked reports of use-of-force incidents, which is factually rather different.
"Researchers observed bosons at 125GeV" -> "Researchers observed detections of bosons at 125GeV, which is factually rather different."
This is merely a pedantic argument that things are not truly knowable. But whether the Higgs boson exists and whether body cameras reduce police violence are not unknowable questions. Even if we cannot directly measure, the indirect measures are meaningful to the questions.
Now, if there's something else that the researchers should measure, then that would be useful criticism.
As a result, in a study or a journalistic write-up of said study, I wouldn't jump to the shorthand of "tracked use-of-force incidents" as opposed to "reports of use-of-force incidents".
Just because something is the best way of measuring a quantity we currently have doesn't mean it is good enough to equate the measurement with the quantity in shorthand.
Scientists could similarly argue that there is another particle that only shows up when we measure that happens to look exactly like the Higgs boson in every way we can measure. But then everyone would call bullshit.
Again, if there are better/other things to measure, that’s legitimate criticism. Simply inventing factors that make the valid measurements null and declaring it impossible to actually measure isn’t.
I'm critiquing a political abuse of a bogus study and also the bogus study itself, based on the study's language and based on the political website referenced by the journalist's write-up, by actually reading them. You can see them too at http://bwc.thelab.dc.gov/ and http://bwc.thelab.dc.gov/static/files/supplementary-material...
> This is merely a pedantic argument that things are not truly knowable.
Bullshit. I'm telling you that correlation doesn't imply causation and rather than saying "oh yeah, I heard that once somewhere, it was probably important" your response is "but physics jargon". They are measuring one thing and making, and these next words are key, an unreasonable leap onto something very different. In your boson world nobody ever doesn't report something that happened. In the real world that is very clearly false.
Even a mediocre scientist accounts for blindingly obvious confounding factors. A better scientist accounts for things that don't even seem like they could possibly be confounding factors just because they are differences. Neither of those appear to have happened here. They assume that reporting rates are predictable for different circumstances just by guessing, which is not a reliable assumption.
And on top of all of that, this report is likely going to be used as a giant war banner in the police union's fight to reduce the use of body cameras. And it just slides right over the fact that cameras actually do see police committing crimes and abuses for which they then don't get significantly punished and which would never have been uncovered otherwise.
It arbitrarily privileges "reported uses of force" as the target of attention rather than "witnessed crimes and other violations". Why? The report isn't titled "Evaluating the Effects of Police Body-Worn Cameras on Uses of Force: A Randomized Controlled Trial". It's called "Evaluating the Effects of Police Body-Worn Cameras: A Randomized Controlled Trial" full stop. And yet they are clearly ignoring huge categories of observed malfeasance in order to tell a particular dismissive story.
It's disappointing but not surprising that you accuse them of "political abuse". Your own criticism seems clearly political because you start with the premise that it's literally impossible that they are correct.
I actually agree with you that the results here feel suspect because they run so counter to my expectations, but I find it sad that this is how you put forward your agenda.
> Bullshit. I'm telling you that correlation doesn't imply causation and rather than saying "oh yeah, I heard that once somewhere, it was probably important" your response is "but physics jargon".
"Correlation is not causation" is a great response to erroneous conclusions drawn from studies constructed to establish correlation. It's a really poor response to a study designed to establish causation. If you believe that it is in general impossible to establish causation, then you are indeed just making an epistemological argument.
If you have a problem with the construction of the study and believe it doesn't establish causation, because of X, Y, and Z, then provide that criticism. Don't assert that it's wrong because measurement is impossible. Even if we accept that claim as true, it's still a useless criticism because it means the best we can do is our indirect measurements and we are left with no option except to optimize for those.
> They are measuring one thing and making, and these next words are key, an unreasonable leap onto something very different.
It's not an unreasonable leap. A priori, many people would agree that a reduction in police use of force would result in a reduction of reports of use of force by both police and civilians. Previous studies indicated the same a posteriori. Clearly many people find the leap very reasonable. I believe the only reason you find it unreasonable is that you don't like the conclusion it leads to in this study.
> In your boson world nobody ever doesn't report something that happened. In the real world that is very clearly false.
Not sure what you're talking about. Erroneous measurements happen all the time in the scientific world. It was really hard for scientists to prove the existence of the Higgs boson because it's so hard to even detect.
> They assume that reporting rates are predictable for different circumstances just by guessing, which is not a reliable assumption.
Where does this claim come from? Did I miss something where the authors claimed that reporting would definitely be 100% consistent?
And where does the support for your claim that reported rates are essentially constant regardless of actual rates come from?
> And on top of all of that, this report is likely going to be used as a giant war banner in the police union's fight to reduce the use of body cameras....
And here you go with the actual justification for your criticism. You don't have a scientific criticism. You have a political one. You want to discredit the study because you don't like the conclusion.
Maybe this study is flawed, but you don't establish that by asserting that it's impossible to even measure or by claiming (without any evidence of your own) that there's no link between actual use of force and reports of use of force.
> It arbitrarily privileges "reported uses of force" as the target of attention rather than "witnessed crimes and other violations".
Exactly how do you imagine that you would track "witnessed crimes and other violations" in absence of reports of those things?
I'm going to let you drift here, because you're continuing to respond to strawman interpretations of me rather than what I actually said and I'm not interested in the game of shifting goalposts.
That’s a direct quote. It is exactly what you said and it was exactly the first thing you said.
Accusing me of “strawman interpretations” is just dishonest, but quite in keeping with the rest of your comments here.
What if they gave a third group a prominently visible dummy body cam that did not record, and the police officer knew it, but to others it would look like there was a body cam?
And possibly a fourth group a working body cam that was barely visible to others?
With variations like these, one might be able to tease out more information about the causal relationships.
I wonder about the "dummy" body cam, though. I feel like that's an obvious group to include for the sake of teasing out contributing factors, but I also wonder if that would have gotten them sued. "You were supposed to be filming but somehow the footage is missing and now you claim it wasn't even a real camera?!"
Such as this one:
https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/body-camera-video-alleg...
They were only caught out because they forgot that the 30 seconds prior to turning the camera "on" would be included in the video.
Regular citizens would already be on their best behavior around cops, the camera doesn't change much.
I think people get a skewed perception of the police force from a relatively small number of highly publicized incidents.
Counter option: The DC cops are so brazen that they don't even care if they're being caught on film. This doesn't seem likely, since it would be such an easy payday for some hungry defense lawyer.
That said, I still think bodycams are a great idea. I hadn't heard justification of them based on improving some aggregate statistics before. Instead, I've always thought they were good for those particularly difficult "he said / she said" cases that capture public attention.
I agree, but at what price point would you say it's worth it?
In principle I want bodycams, but with this new study it's making me wonder if pragmatically it's really worth spending millions of dollars each year just for a handful of difficult 'he said / she said' cases to be better resolved.
Probably it still is given that these small handful of cases get the biggest media attention / public backlash that hurts the image of the police. In that sense bodycams can almost be thought of as a public relations expense.
Let's revise that estimate, though.
765,000 sworn state-level personnel in 2008. We'll round up to a million.
At $1000 each for hardened, certified cameras, that's a billion dollars. But we should expect them to last about three years, so $333M each year.
Storage costs are cheap, but secure handling of storage is not. Let's say one full-time $100K employee per hundred camera-wearing officers. That's a billion dollars per year.
So I'll go with a cost estimate of 1.3 - 1.5 billion per year for cameras for all police officers.
Is that worth it? I think so.
A camera won't become obsolete nearly as fast. Assuming the cops shoot in HD today (it would be really dumb if they didn't) then that will still be HD tomorrow. Maybe not 4k, but honestly I don't think 4k brings a lot to the table at this time in this application.
No, they'll be buying tactical harnesses and military-tough specially cased relabeled $299 Go-Pros for $999 for each complete system, from a certified minority-owned business in partnership with Halliburton.
Obviously there would be additional costs (memory cards, readers, batteries, chargers, harness, etc) but I don't see why it would come to more than $500-600 per person at most.
http://www.news-gazette.com/news/local/2017-09-24/police-wei...
The data storage issue is definitely a concern, but I think it is one that can be effectively managed.
Accountability is key.
> Finally, cameras may have had less impact in Washington, D.C., because the police department there has already had to confront excessive-force problems. After a devastating 1998 Washington Post series revealed that the city’s police department had shot and killed more people per resident in the 1990s than any other police force in a large American city, the Department of Justice entered into a memorandum of agreement with D.C. to reform its policing.
I do think people overstate the extent to which police violence in the US is a problem of evil cops committing wanton abuse as opposed to deeper systemic issues, but I think it's possible that bodycams end up being a useful piece of that puzzle.
As another commented pointed out downthread, you can hear them on accidentally-recorded video saying things like "We're still red here! Be careful!" when planting evidence/stealing stuff/whatever.
Disclaimer: I think both street protesters/identity politics activists and the police are basically run by assholes.
E.g. the cops can do lots of shady stuff that isn't a "use of force incident."
should perhaps be
> Police officers are almost entirely almost decent people
The fact that the "few" (so we're told) bad apples aren't rooted out by their fellow honest, law-abiding officers suggests they're not as squeaky clean as some might think.
These are not "decent people".
> These are not "decent people".
I really don't think it's that clear cut. The cops who turned their backs aren't all, necessarily, bad people. The insularity of police culture generates significant peer pressure for cops to cover each other's backs and to protect their mutual perceived safety and self interest.
They respond to perceived attacks on interests in a similar way to what many subcultures do when they feel their interests are being encroached upon; they protest and grow more insular in solidarity.
This tends to lead to a bubble and allows otherwise decent people to, inadvertently or otherwise, overlook the shortcomings of "a few bad apples", in the interest of protecting people who they think have their best interests at heart.
I'm not saying this is good, it's just important to remember that cops are humans and behave like humans. Training is supposed to reduce the incidence of human misbehavior but I think that even just the fact that police wear uniforms tends to make them take the side of the "team" that they're representing.
Peer pressure or not, protesting accountability for your group after a member committed manslaughter is a bad act.
I believe they were protesting the generalizations he insinuated about the entire police department. I found it distasteful, but the good cops had a reason to be pissed.
Granted, that is an optimistic view.
Here's why:
https://preciseedit.wordpress.com/2009/06/19/in-my-opinion-i...
I have a friend in the NYPD, who did not turn his back on the mayor in that incident.
This problem needs to be solved from the top down. Police need to be constantly reminded that their job is more than just being enforcers.
If you are a cop and succumb to peer pressure to protect bad cops from the consequences of their actions, then I submit that you are also a bad cop.
We must hold the police to a higher standard than "they're just human; they can't help behaving this way".
You can get popped for CP just by downloading what you think isn't CP from a torrent client.
IMO you should only get arrested for CP if you are paying to access it, or producing it. As it is now, it's just a tool for the police to criminalize whoever they feel like.
There is actually something to this. It's the latest moral justification for around-the-law searches. Last few decades it was drugs. Police can pretty much search anyone if they reasonably believe they have drugs. This can get stretched into anything, such has having a few hundred bucks in cash. This means police can stop and search just about any car.
Next it was terrorism, so police can warranty search anyone or anything at airports, bus stations, train terminals, border crossings, just about anything. These powers aren't limited to terrorist activities either, but terrorism was the justification.
Now, computers yield more information that vehicles, so police need a way to extend their powers to search anyone's computer. Enter child porn.
As a general rule, anytime the government prohibits or extends their power "for the children," it's a huge red flag. Child porn fits into this category. It's hard to object to expansion of power to battle this too. I mean think of the children (ignoring their dystopian future).
Your co-worker didn't wank off to child porn at work with his workmates, I reckon. You cannot compare both situations.
Note well: I am not saying that we should lower the standard of behavior that we expect police to abide by. I am merely saying that, in the real world, almost decent is probably the best we can actually find.
In the US people get shot for carrying a tiny razor blade...
You can train people to deescalate rather than shooting; to use minimal force; to remain calm while exercising force; to ask someone if they doing fine, while forcefully holding them to the ground. Or calmly explain to a hysterical individual being held down that things are going to be okay.
It takes training though.
...who receive lots of back up from other police officers, superiors and the law.
I suspect police abuse is not as wide-spread as we've been led to believe by social justice marketing, but I'm open to evidence to the contrary. Let's put our engineers to work and get the costs of these camera systems way down, and then let's put them on every cop in the nation. It's not just the BLM folks talking about this, the MRAs also have claims about things like men who are physically abused by women, cop shows up, arrests the man anyways, and those sorts of stories. One way or the other we can put a number of social justice issues to rest.
It doesn't sound like you are "open to evidence to the contrary". Those words seem to dismiss such evidence.
2. There's a distinction between "debunked" and "claimed to be debunked"; you're conflating my meaning (the former) with the latter. If you did mean the former, then you're questioning all empiricism and objectivity, in which case we have no basis for discussion or reason and we may as well stop now.
It's not just the incidents themselves, but the fact that the entire force seems to be quite willing to shield the worst offenders.
Sure, Office Steve probably won't knock me around because of my skin color, but how many times has he looked away while Officer John did?
This statement requires justification.
>Research suggests that family violence is two to four times higher in the law-enforcement community than in the general population.
>As the National Center for Women and Policing noted in a heavily footnoted information sheet, "Two studies have found that at least 40 percent of police officer families experience domestic violence, in contrast to 10 percent of families in the general population. A third study of older and more experienced officers found a rate of 24 percent, indicating that domestic violence is two to four times more common among police families than American families in general." Cops "typically handle cases of police family violence informally, often without an official report, investigation, or even check of the victim's safety," the summary continues. "This 'informal' method is often in direct contradiction to legislative mandates and departmental policies regarding the appropriate response to domestic violence crimes." Finally, "even officers who are found guilty of domestic violence are unlikely to be fired, arrested, or referred for prosecution."
https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2014/09/police-...
Take a wild guess on what those have in common with police officers.
People that are constantly exposed to highly stressful situations tend to develop psychological problems.
>Police officers are almost entirely decent people . . .
Between 20% and 40% abuse their families. Does an entirely decent person abuse his family?
I'm not aware of a higher family abuse rate among EMTs, and a quick Google search produced nothing, so I'd appreciate any sources. Your reasoning makes sense, but I can just as easily say that violent people are more inclined to be police officers and soldiers - for obvious reasons. I'd guess it's some of both (some high stress and the attraction of the occupation to violent people).
Yes police officers have higher rates than the average, but you know who has higher than even those wife beating cops? Men that work in "demeaning jobs" or professions that are attributed traditionally to women like clerks, secretaries, teacher/classroom aides and maids/helpers.
The vast majority of those articles boil down to a handful of studies the one linked below is probably the most commonly referenced.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002....
And yes most police officers are decent and professional people, but there isn't such thing as being universally decent and any person is capable of the utmost indecency.
And you know what they say about so many intimate partner abuse cases? he/she was the nicest person in the world I would never think they would be capable of it....
People that abuse their partner more often than not do it as a release mechanism rather than their normal pattern of behaviour.
What is that based on?
It sort of barely controls for age, which finds lower violence when the officers are older.
But it's not very convincing. Anecdotally it seems like there is a domestic violence problem in the population, but you can't compare it to the general population. You need to control for education, background, and socioeconomic status.
Though, of course, the source itself may be making stronger claims…
Or perhaps people arrive at their perceptions based on personal experience? Certainly my own experience with police has shaped my views far more than anything I've seen in the news.
> Or perhaps people arrive at their perceptions based on personal experience?
Probably also a factor, but that's also not representative and subject to perceptual biases.
One occurrence possibly. When it happens multiple times, I'm not inclined to attribute it to perceptual biases.
A police department with frequent liability payouts can expect their premiums to be priced according to the risk they represent (assuming they are even able to find an insurer still willing to underwrite them).
What is this statement based on? Can you provide any data? What about people - whole communities in many places, over generations - who claim to be persecuted continuously by police. Are those people making it up? The people protesting in St Louis - what are they spending all that time and energy on if there is no problem?
This issue has been discussed heavily; I think more 'IMHOs' don't add to what we know about it.
I can't imagine it's less reliable than, say, the field of sociology. At any rate, the claims in the wikipedia article are well-sourced, so if they are false, it should be trivial to demonstrate as much.
> it's not evidence. That's just one incident in among claims by millions of people that have been going on for generations.
What you describe is evidence. It isn't proof. But your broader point stands--we need more data about this to know how prevalent it is. My only point is that it's not unprecedented for communities to lie--specifically your refutation ("it's been going on for generations") supports my pet theory, which is that a lot of historical oppression by police has turned many black communities against police, driving uncharitable interpretations of police behavior at best and outright slander (as in the Ferguson case) at worst. Note that these communities can be lying and not necessarily be bad people--slander is morally wrong, but it's also an understandable (though unjust, misguided, etc) response to oppression. Compassion and honesty aren't mutually exclusive, as we are often tempted to believe.
I assume you are white which is why you made that statement, I think a black person would have a different opinion.
2) Having body cams on all police officers simply makes sense, regardless of the immediate effect. Knowing exactly (or more about) what happened when a citizen armed on behalf of the state interacts with regular citizens is an obvious priority. Even if enforcing body cams doesn't lead to a reduction of police crime, it will certainly lead to more legal action against police crime, which is typically stifled by police buddy tactics.
You gotta remember that body cams can't just be used against corrupt police, they can just as easily be used against the public. Consider how a closeted gay person reacts when caught drunk with a boyfriend and how the presence of a camera effects that.
It's strange to me that, when faced with problems of official power vs privacy, people never seem to remember the idea of warrants, which are baked into our legal system and have been used to address privacy problems for centuries.
Why would there be any expectation of privacy for public officials?
Those are just the basics where a public officials is essentially a private person. These alone should be enough.
There is a whole 'nother set of cases where it is good for a public official to not have to take into consideration they are being monitored. Most of this comes down to helping communication. There is also value in letting people make small mistakes, or even letting people slack of on occasion.
In short, there is a very large overlap between the arguments against a surveillance state and the arguments against always on body cams. Consider also the phenomenon of 'glassholes'. That is, people really disliked talking to someone wearing google glass because they were being filmed.
There is no real incentive to change their behavior camera or not.
It isn't a thin blue line. It's a big fat highlighter blue bar. The people, vs the Judicial System. And they're the ones that make and enforce the rules.
Police body cameras should be on all the time. They averages 30mins per day per officer: no wonder they get funky results.
The point of police body cameras is to have positive evidence of police behavior. If the presence of cameras reduces the number of reported incidents, that is a nice side effect, but otherwise completely irrelevant.
One hypothesis is that officers got used to the cameras and became desensitized to them. But the researchers saw no difference in behavior during the initial phase, when the cameras were new. (The researchers also checked the data to make sure officers were turning their cameras on when they were supposed to, and found a very high level of compliance.) Another possibility is that officers without cameras were acting like officers with cameras, simply because they knew other officers had the devices.
An equally plausible explanation has to do with fear: In Washington, police officers are instructed to turn on their cameras whenever they answer a call or encounter the public in a law-enforcement context. The kinds of situations that might lead to civilian complaints or use-of-force incidents are high-stress encounters. When frightened, humans tend to act on automatic fear responses (or, in the case of good police officers in an ideal world, training).
“It’s a lot to ask, psychologically speaking, to not only remember the camera is on but to moderate your behavior,” said Mr. Yokum, the head of the Lab @ DC.
Finally, cameras may have had less impact in Washington, D.C., because the police department there has already had to confront excessive-force problems. After a devastating 1998 Washington Post series revealed that the city’s police department had shot and killed more people per resident in the 1990s than any other police force in a large American city, the Department of Justice entered into a memorandum of agreement with D.C. to reform its policing.
“We went through a transformation with regard to use of force when Justice came in here,” Chief Newsham said.
Cities that lack such accountability in their police culture may find cameras more effective, under this theory. (The Rialto Police Department had been reeling from a series of scandals when the Rialto study showed a large impact from cameras.)
Even if cameras do not reduce violent encounters, they can still offer other kinds of benefits: for training, or to hold a rogue officer accountable after the fact.
To Chief Newsham, the cameras’ primary benefit is to improve relations with the community. “The transparency and trust that the community has, knowing your department is recording the interactions, I don’t think you can undervalue that,” he said.
tl;dr I see no reason to believe body cams have actually resulted in greater transparency or accountability due to offsetting institutional factors.
This seems like an issue with the study as the control group is also under the watch of a camera.
> "According to decades of research, the presence of other people, cameras or even just a picture of eyes seems to nudge us toward civility"
I don't remember where exactly I've read it (I think it might have been the Slate Star Codex), anyway, I recently came across a blog posting (with sources) which highlighted these as one of the examples of "well established" psychological research results which consistently fail to reproduce (I wish I had bookmarked that posting).
It's a nice idea, but I think it has some pretty significant potential for downsides.
If that isn't so, and isn't sacred, then we're saying that secrecy in policing is normal, and that goes against hundreds of years of progress in the common-law tradition.
In order for people to enjoy the kind of privacy you discuss, we need to have non-state support services that are completely disconnected from the matter of enforcement of th e law.
(Substitute any of a number of incidents and the argument remains mostly the same.)
Is it public record that it happened? Yes. Should it be shielded from anyone knowing? I don't think so. Should it be publicly broadcast? Almost certainly not.
That's the problem. The fact that we're talking seriously about affording public policing a sphere of secrecy is just a symptom of that problem.
I get it. Most of us are programmers, so we think we can setup a pretty solid set of rules for when something applies. Maybe some of us can. And when that perfect ruleset is found, it will be awesome. However, it is a lot more fluid and discretion is not necessarily a bad thing.
It's not that black and white but it's not that complex of an issue either.
Act - https://www.aclu.org/other/model-act-regulating-use-wearable..., White Paper - https://www.aclu.org/other/police-body-mounted-cameras-right...
Honestly, privacy is nearly dead anyway. I'm not happy about it but there are databases with enough information on us to steal anyone's identity. With that level of information already existing... it seems kind of silly that what we're most worried about with police cameras basically comes down to embarrassment.
It's also weird how hacker news has forgotten that Google Street View has tons of pictures of naked people with automatically blurred faces. Same for Google Maps/Earth.
As another poster said, this is solvable. Just will require more than a few rules.
They are both emergency responses and require tremendous amount of material and human resources to get there very fast.
Police have the fastest cars with the brightest lights that let them go wherever they want the fastest (Bonus if they have a motorcycle, but those they keep to give speeding tickets for some reason). It also means they are the first ones there and might need to do CPR from time to time or help that guy about to jump down the bridge.
>Why has our society conflated those?
We are imperfect humans in an imperfect world. We can't assign every single task to a different human being. We, as a society, accept that.
>The fact that we're talking seriously about affording public policing a sphere of secrecy is just a symptom of that problem.
There is a big difference between secrecy of the police and privacy of the policed.
Go watch Live PD and come tell me seriously they should stop censoring the names, date of birth, addresses, plate numbers, SSN, wardrobe malfunctions of the victims, witnesses and children that appear in the show.
They take the time to protect the privacy of the bystanders, but it costs money and an incredible amount of resource to do so just for a couple of teams for a couple of hours a week and they don't even do a perfect job.
if the cops bust into your house because they misread the address of the warrant (something which happens regularly), and they capture some video of you walking around eating cereal naked, do you think that should immediately and irrevocably go up on youtube?
And yes, I'm fine with the horrific, abhorrent affronts of the state being public if I'm the victim.
How about we stop allowing police to search homes in the first place in 99.9% of cases?
Ok. I'm not.
https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/crime/washington-s...
Someone's husband falsely but convincingly accuses them of domestic abuse, later they are cleared of all charges. Does this accusation go on youtube?
Someone attempted suicide, and then called the cops because he didn't want to go through with it.
Someone was inadvertently caught on camera in a gay bar when it was raided for drugs.
Video of the arrest goes viral. Hundreds of millions of people across the world see it.
You are later acquited of the charges. But a fat lot of good that does....
I'm sure she'd love that on YouTube for all to see.
What is the connection between enforcement of statutory code and medical aid / emergency response? Why do these social services need to be delivered by LEOs?
At my college, one of the best things my student government did was first response in cases of rape and sexual assault. We had a phone number that people were able to call and get a response from a peer who had been trained in the next steps of response, allowing the victim to gain composure and support before dealing with the law enforcement apparatus.
We had a similar service for cases of mental health / psychedelic emergency.
There is no reason that law enforcement need to be first responders in cases of medical emergency.
Unless we're talking about walking back the Peelian principles (and arguably all that is good about western notions of liberty), it is a continuing imperative to ensure that police officers can strictly enforce the law and do so in full public view.
Super innocent example: A 14 year old kid breaks their leg and the cops show up to them in agony and crying. Would be very easy for a few people that dislike them to plaster them crying all over social media. Yes, the event was public to begin with, but the chances of one of the bullies walking by and snapping their own photos is almost nil.
A lot of people that are interacting with the police are in a very vulnerable state, it would be asinine to expose that to the world. The thought that it will create "good will" with the public is entirely backwards in my opinion, if I'm in trouble and I know if I get the cops that I may end up all over the internet it may keep me from calling them at all.
This seems like the same argument. What does enforcement of the laws have to do with medical aid? Why has our society conflated these two things?
I assert that the state has an interest in injecting law enforcement concepts in all sorts of situation precisely because it opens up uncertainty over its public nature.
Instead, we need law enforcement to be its own discrete activity, and among its norms for it to be entirely public and based on public consent.
Why are we rehashing this almost 200 years after Robert Peel's work?
It is generally the idea that all police do or should do is enforce the law that leads to divisiveness and brutality.
Edit: nice, you edit the parent and don’t note it.
There are worlds of difference between jurisdictions in this regard. And also substantial differences in the specifics of a case.
In the (rare) case of a rapist jumping out of the bushes and tackling someone, and then running away in hot pursuit, then sure, a law-enforcement-first response makes sense.
In the far more frequent date rape / party rape situation, where the victim is left to piece together the episode the next morning, then no, I think that there are far, far better responses than LEO-first.
Maybe the victim should call whoever they want. Like they can now.
Not everyone has the same privilege as a college student here and now.
Happen to be at a party that was broken up due to noise complaints? Drugs were found there? Why were you caught on camera leaving the house when officers arrived? Sounds like you are a liability!
If this actually happened I would give it 6mo before you get a credit agency or something of their ilk providing this data to such agencies for background checks/employment checks/etc. It will take the social media data mining and now include all law enforcement interactions ever.
I, for one, do not want to live in the world where I get to explain every traffic stop to a future employer or my insurance company. I'm sure both would absolutely love that information to use against me.
I think the writing is on the wall on this one though. In my lifetime I fully expect what I describe above to be happening behind the scenes in "public private partnerships". In some cases it already is.
Just yet another way to create permanent second-class citizens like we have with felons, and are trying as hard as we can to extend that into other areas of society.
Having people re-victimized by turning their pleas for help into entertainment is bullshit.
The actual problem is more likely that in the vast majority of incidents officers DO NOT KNOW what they're doing is wrong, that for instance they're acting with bias or unreasonably against someone of color in a way they wouldn't act against a white person. The ACTUAL purpose of the body cameras is to create a record that allows ACCOUNTABILITY for officers ("I felt threatened" with no evidence is no longer enough to justify a shooting). Only with that accountability can we start to PROVE that officers are acting unfairly whether they consciously intend to or not, and then fix the problem (with "training" as the article says but with no detail may as well have been saying nothing).
[1] http://bwc.thelab.dc.gov/static/files/supplementary-material...
The devices vary in price, but the biggest expense is the data-storage cost. In Washington, M.P.D. officers collect about a thousand hours of footage a day. About 40 percent of it is deleted within 90 days, while the rest is to be kept for months, years or decades, depending on the statute of limitations for the charges connected to the footage.
I'm not sure how chain of custody would work...perhaps digitally signing the uploads and keeping those signature records locally at the station. But the USG uses AWS, so I'm sure some solution could be found.
Taser probably just puts the videos in AWS or something, but the markup is obscene.
...
> Another possibility is that officers without cameras were acting like officers with cameras, simply because they knew other officers had the devices.
Or it also causes organisational changes. You can imagine the kind of things high-ranking officers will be telling their reports if they know things are going to be recorded.
Is the problem a few bad apples? Or is the problem training and discipline? If it's the later, then cameras can probably do a lot more, by scaring the Inspectors into doing their jobs properly.
- The Iron Law of Evaluation: "The expected value of any net impact assessment of any large scale social program is zero."
- The Stainless Steel Law of Evaluation: "The better designed the impact assessment of a social program, the more likely is the resulting estimate of net impact to be zero."
- The Brass Law of Evaluation: "The more social programs are designed to change individuals, the more likely the net impact of the program will be zero."
- The Zinc Law of Evaluation: "Only those programs that are likely to fail are evaluated."
The important cases are where it's some civilian's word against one or several officers. It is when the police make a mistake that future training might avoid. And it is when the optics of police behavior turn out to be worse than actual police behavior.
1. Police officers rarely abuse.
2. Police officers abuse and do not care if they are recorded.
It is not clear which one is which. 1 makes you think we are in a really good shape. 2 makes you think that it is a very bad situation. If it is either 1 or 2, then it can't be something in between, right?
"After a devastating 1998 Washington Post series revealed that the city’s police department had shot and killed more people per resident in the 1990s than any other police force in a large American city, the Department of Justice entered into a memorandum of agreement with D.C. to reform its policing.
“We went through a transformation with regard to use of force when Justice came in here,” Chief Newsham said.
Cities that lack such accountability in their police culture may find cameras more effective, under this theory. "
Doesn't seem like a very interesting result to me; I hadn't previously heard of the "calming effect" as a reason to use body cameras.
The primary reason to use cameras is to increase accountability, so that police officers are less able to get away with murder, planting evidence, being overtly racist, etc.
(How is this at the bottom? I read every single response to this thread waiting to find somebody pointing this out.)
Every single city and municipality has its own separate police department.
States pass laws allowing for overlapping jurisdictions at their discretion.
No study about "police officers" is going to address that. Elevating these studies to that level is going to continually get conflicting results.
No person knows what a random internal police department's memo on what justified force is. Nobody will know if some local municipality had just reviewed and changed that standard, or if they are currently in a bout of actual corruption.