There is no support for integrated debugging, across languages on Android Studio and Visual Studio.
No support for COM or UWP and Win32 is WIP.
Not sure how much NDK APIs are actually wrapped.
Perhaps this is perception is just caused by e.g. the extremely low bar set by MinGW, which doesn't do any of that despite "supporting" Windows.
For example since Longhorn failure, COM has become the major way to introduce Windows APIs, since Vista Win32 doesn't get much love.
VSCode debugger works fine on both msvc and mingw targets.
Asking for COM or UWP is like saying that Javascript has a horrible interop story with COM/UWP. You're picking Rust to build something fast and/or low memory. Leave building a UI to the right tools.
C# has a fantastic FFI and works just fine with Rust. I actually have a project using UWP and Rust together. I get all the portability of Rust and get to use UWP as the UI frontend with minimal fuss.
Picking up your example,how do you expose and debug UWP components?