It seems that a lot of what is discussed in the paper has to do with longer-term effects, i.e. that nutrients can affect neural configuration, e.g. synaptic plasticity.
I have suspected that there are also shorter term effects (i.e. hourly to weekly) caused by food and alcohol intake that probably work through a variety of channels. First, they do impact mood (whatever that is) which certainly impacts my cognitive ability (both problem solving and focus). There are surely blood sugar effects in many people (not myself throughout the day, but people I know well). I have also always wondered why exactly hangovers so drastically impair cognitive performance and I have noticed myself to be more mentally sharp if I go a couple weeks without drinking.
It'll be nice to see how this plays out longer term with more specific nutrients both macro and micro, to find out how we can adjust our diets accordingly (although I would guess that a veggie- and fish-heavy diet is probably the way to go).