That's not the question you asked. If you want to know more about the context of this specific paper then you need to (a) wait for the people in the area to start writing explanations, or (b) ask more specific questions about specific terms.
A good place to start to get a sense of what's going on with this specific paper is this thread, but more particularly, the articles linked from it. One that I think is a great starting point is this one:
https://johncarlosbaez.wordpress.com/2017/08/15/norbert-blum...
But you should perhaps start by asking the question you actually want the answer to - it sounds like you didn't. So take a moment, do some reading, then come back with particular questions. They may already be answered, but before you did the outside reading you didn't realise. That's what happens to me.