For people who don't want to look it up... Some of the biggest are pension funds! It's not just high net worth individuals or companies, it's also mom & pop retirement funds.
https://www.quora.com/Who-are-the-biggest-investors-limited-...
The Fed, with their policy of Quantitative Easing over the past 5 years.
The Fed has paid US banks to hold onto currency reserves that were injected into them, effectively subsidizing more risky investments throughout the economy. This includes equity growth, equity distributions, low bond yields, kept the capitalization rate (ignoring Fed injections into banks) low, etc. Without keeping QE on the books, these other current market investments wouldn't have been possible.
QE has allowed risky debt to continue to float around the entire financial system without market forces quickly drowning the riskiest. Effectively the Fed is subsidizing the risk and the average person will pay when inflation finally picks up. Just because we still don't fully understand the new "laws of finance" while we are in this QE bubble doesn't mean the old laws of finance won't still apply when QE dissolves.
But in both cases these people (investors, borrowers) will want to get their money back eventually..
All three rounds of QE in the USA focused on mortgage-backed securities and Treasury securities. Are you suggesting there were a bunch of VCs who were neck deep in the MBS or CDS/CDO rackets in the mid 00's?
See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_easing#US_QE1.2C_...
Everyone who pays taxes on non-capital income.
From 2009: >Banks have $96trillion in assets, investment funes hold $22trillion, insurance firms have $21trillion and pension funds $19 trillion.
http://www.wealthmanagement.com/blog/fun-fact-day-know-and-t...
I don't think the irony should be lost.