I honestly don't understand the point of reporting such "phenomena" in such stilted, euphemistic, academic terms. Every time I read such a milquetoast description of corruption, I'm reminded of this essay discussing the ways in which well-meaning "discoveries" in economics and political science serve mostly as a prophylactic against the immediacy, urgent, and valid claims made in other epistemic registers.
It really feels like some people just don't want to "give credit" to the angry mob for realizing something that eluded them for so long, so they come up with these strange parallel constructions that quantify, and "prove", what was already obvious to everyone else, but in slightly different/more mathy ways, to make it seem like fresh knowledge. However, in doing so, they de-legitimize the ways that other people used to arrive to such conclusions, such as a cursory reading of Marxist literature.
It's such a weird dance.
https://clrjames.blogspot.ca/2014/04/ideas-whose-time-has-be...