Preferably on different hardware.
Hardware error is almost certain in this case. c.f. rowhammer or bitsquatting.
This study from Google is pretty interesting:
From the paper that you cited:
Our first observation is that memory errors are not rare events. About a third of all machines in the fleet experience at least one memory error per year (see column CE Incid. %) and the average number of correctable errors per year is over 22,000. These numbers vary across platforms, with some platforms (e.g. Platform A and B) seeing nearly 50% of their machines affected by correctable errors, while in others only 12–27% are affected. The median number of errors per year for those machines that experience at least one error ranges from 25 to 611.
;-)