Gmail primarily uses domains for reputation, according to their docs (and in practice). I never had to deal with much IP management when sending to Gmail or G Suite recipients.

Microsoft does use the range of black holes, e.g. Spamhaus, including using their own, so etjossem is right about having to cool down a bad IP before requesting whitelisting. Almost all ESPs and black holes will reject whitelisting requests without a sufficient cool down period anyway.

Gmail is certainly ahead of its time. I haven't tried sending with IPv6 addresses but the Gmail documentation claims it will work.