Johann Hari has pointed out that it's very effective to just give heroin addicts pure heroin and a safe place to inject it. Switzerland has 'essentially' [edit] eliminated opiate deaths with this strategy:
[edit: added 'essentially' in response to tptacek's comment below because the swiss probably haven't gotten rid of 100% of their opiate deaths]
https://www.irishtimes.com/news/health/johann-hari-heroin-in...
I have edited the comment above to add a word.
The friend who taught me about her opiate addiction knew how to manage her dose pretty well. Then the mental health industry got her addicted to benzodiazepines, which changed her tolerance. She overdosed on me when trying to get off the benzos. The fire department revived her, then disappeared into the night. Those two doses of Naloxone stabilized her for about 2 weeks...
A lot of the deaths in the United States' present opiate overdose epidemic has to do with contamination of the heroin supply with more powerful synthetic opiates. When the supply includes elephant opiates, addicts don't know how much to use.
The thing I see reports saying Switzerland has effectively eliminated is deaths due to needle contamination. That's not hard to believe (but then, you could get that effect by giving addicts clean needles).
In the article you posted, I see Hari saying that Switzerland's practices have eliminated wounds and abscesses he attributes to drug contamination. That, too, is very plausible. But most opiate fatalities are not caused by injection site wounds; they're caused by overdose.
I think there might be some confusion. Switzerland itself claims that nobody has died from overdose of officially prescribed heroin. That, too, is totally plausible. But Switzerland still has a street opiate drug market problem!
The planet's various governments created the street drug marketplace by making desired substances illegal. The United States government created the country's drug culture by lying to people about the actual hazards of these desired substances.
Perhaps Switzerland has not eliminated opiate deaths, as my comment originally indicated, but the Swiss are doing better than everyone else in making progress at helping people with opiate addictions.
Results from the Swiss studies, however, show that
mortality among patients in heroin assisted
maintenance programmes is low, and lower than for
patients in other maintenance programmes.14 In
addition, the wider safety concerns could not be
empirically confirmed in Switzerland or the
Netherlands.15 Finally, the incidence of heroin
dependence has decreased greatly in Switzerland
since the start of the trials, and currently
heroin has a more negative image than it did 15
years ago.16
ref #14 (above) says:
CONCLUSION: Mortality in heroin-assisted treatment
was low compared to the mortality rate of Swiss
opioid users 1990s (estimated to be between 2.5
and 3%). It was also low compared to mortality
rates of opioid users in other maintenance
treatments in other countries as reported in the
literature. The SMR was also lower than that
reported in the only meta-analysis in the
literature: 13.2 (95% C.I. 12.3-14.1). The low
mortality rate is all the more noteworthy as
heroin-assisted treatment in Switzerland included
only refractory opioid addicts with existing
severe somatic and/or mental problems.
http://www.suchtmonitoring.ch/de/3/7.html?opioide-mortalitat
In 2015, there were about 10 cases of needle-borne HIV infections in Switzerland, out of a bit more than 500 overall.
http://www.cbc.ca/beta/news/canada/crosstown-clinic-heroin-a...