There's ton of sites when you google ashift=12, http://louwrentius.com/zfs-performance-and-capacity-impact-o... or https://github.com/zfsonlinux/zfs/issues/548 for instance.
Basically, ashift=12 increases ZFS block size to 4K. Metadata use full blocks that would be 512b on ashift=9 but are now 4K (due to ashift=12). It wastes at least 3.5Kb more than normal 512 byte blocks for each block that is not filled entirely.