Artistically shaped magnets may make stellarators easier to manage than ITER
arstechnica.com
arstechnica.com
I respect the scientists who continue to work on this. Many people have spent their whole careers on it and have died without making significant progress. It's inherently challenging because it's super expensive and working at super high temperatures. But the potential of the end goal might be enough to keep people working on it perpetually.
This would be a bit like worrying that aerospace engineers are still optimizing wings. Like wings, tokomaks/stellarators are the best tools for the job, as dictated by the underlying physics of the systems in question. Basically, donut-shaped magnetically-confined plasmas "leak" into themselves, rather than out into the world.
> Many people have spent their whole careers on it and have died without making significant progress.
This is a popular view that is entirely wrong. The figure of merit, which is the triple product of confinement time, density, and temperature, outpaced Moore's law right up until a gain of about 0.95, when the magnetic technology of the day caused the necessary size increase to put ITER in the realm of international cooperation. ITER absolutely will produce more power than it consumes. The plasma physics are just that well understood. The problem is size.
MIT have recently worked out that a new breed of superconducting magnets can more than double the available field strength, resulting in a 16-fold reduction in reactor size (due to a 4th power gain in confinement strength as a function of field strength). They hope to achieve a gain of about 2 with a university-scale reactor before ITER, designed with the magnets available at the time, is complete.
Most, if not all, of the above comes from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L0KuAx1COEk. ARC and SPARC, the MIT reactor concepts, are the most exciting thing I've heard about in...gosh, I guess my whole life. They could pull it off. If they do, we could save the planet with fusion-powered CO2 scrubbing. We could avert disaster.
But that said it wasn't totally lacking optimism. It was more of the hard reality of how challenging the problem will be to solve.
I still follow the development of it and there is definitely incremental progress.
Thanks for think about MIT's work, that's interesting.
Stellarators don't.
Progress has been minimal.
The more so if one recognises the distinction between Texas Sharpshooting -- drawing targets around the holes we've made with various technical methods -- and the actual initial intent.
This particular problem has turned out to be vastly more difficult than anticipated or advertised. I've watched what little progress has been made over more than 40 years.
Pretty sure people have been messing with wings for centuries longer than they have worked.
Once petrol-fueled engines and aluminium were available, the Wright beothers were flying within a few years of the Ford Model T. Monocoque airframes followed another few years later. The most perfect aircraft ever, the DC-3, which remains in active commercial use, was developed within the next 3 decades, largely thanks to aluminium alloys. Aivionics and wing design were largely solved by then.
With the gas turbine, jet aircraft appeared, and Boeing is still effectively building and selling scaled-up versions of its 707 airframe (1957). The USAF will be flying the very same aircraft for over 80 years, the B-52. First flight 1952, last date af manufature: 1962.
What progress has been made in aircraft over the last 65 years is largely limited to improved controls (both linkages and avionics), novel materials, and more recently, improved modeling duringg design and development. Outside military applications, that still has exceptionaally limited commercial impacts.
See various sources, though Robert Gordon's The Rise and Fall of American Growth has a good overview.
The contrast, particularly with man-years of effort and billions in spending, to fusion, couldn't be starker.
To sustain a fusion process, plasma physics have to be tamed. That's the hard part. The Wendelstein 7-X, which the article is about, can't even do fusion, it's entirely about plasma physics.
In fact, the sun generates less energy per volume than a compost. It's all about the scaling of the surface area vs. the volume.
Though the sun can keep it up far longer than a compost can...
> It's all about the scaling of the surface area vs. the volume.
If I understand that statement correctly, would it be easier to create a fusion reactor if we made it bigger?
Absolutely-but only when you approach mass scales on par with small suns. So not in a practical sense.
To elaborate, plasma in stellar bodies is essentially contained by gravity, as opposed to complex electroomagnetic fields that have to be painstakingly engineered and tend to be unstable.
It's as simple as heat loss is on the surface, energy it released in the volume. You can somewhat get around this by increasing density, as eventually you need to slow down the reaction because your walls can only take so much heat and radiation. But, it's a lot more stable at lower density which means larger is vastly easer to control.
PS: We could have built an impractical, but working fusion reactor 30 years ago. But, the total cost would have been incredible and we only have so much tritium anyway.
Difference seems subtle, until you find out that a black hole (one made by us at least) is soooo tiny that it would miss most of the atoms in the Earth, falling _between_ them.
Apparently, you need lots of mass to make a black hole that is both sustainable and big enough to affect anything around it.
And if it did, it would largely continue to orbit through the Earth, or what bits of it remained following passage.
That said, I don't suspect the approach would be particularly viable.
Working on it perpetually, you say? If only we could somehow harness that energy...
I wonder... if there are entire domains of technology that simply -cannot- be achieved without AI – machines building and improving themselves.
We have already seen problems that simply cannot be solved within the lifetime of humans or in terrestrial environments, like telescopes in space vs. those on ground, or crossing long distances in "generation spaceships.."
For me, AI is just another tool on top of others. You can't build an AI to, say, control a plasma without a thorough understanding of plasma physics (acquired without the use of AI)... So I'd say AI may be useful, but not in the sense that it will bring a breakthrough...
It's occurred to me that AI might actually represent a form of nonscientific capability. That is, the ability to achieve results but without the understanding or structured knowledge that we consider to be part of science.
That's not saying that AI will solve the problem, just what the situation might be should it do so.
I'm still trying to wrap my head around what it actually does itself.
There's the polywell, my personal favorite, which uses a powerful electric field to confine the fuel: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polywell
(You can make a kind of shitty version of this in your garage with two microwaves, some thick wire and a healthy dose of personal risk: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusor )
There's the Dense Plasma Focus, one version of which is being developed by Lawrenceville Plasma Physics. They're cool dudes, I once donated $10 to help them get a new Beryllium cathode about three years ago, they still send me periodic and detailed updates on their progress. You can read about their approach here, complete with radical 90's theme and pretty good video: http://lppfusion.com/fusion-power/dpf-device/
Sandia National Laboratories is using a massive Marx generator [1] to power the Z-Machine, a Z-pinch that uses powerful magnetic fields generated by high current to squeeze matter in the middle of a conductor: http://www.sandia.gov/z-machine/research/fusion.html
This approach is known as ICF, and is also being pursued by the National Ignition Facility, who use lasers instead: https://lasers.llnl.gov/science/icf/how-icf-works
So there's a few different ideas out there. However, if you really want to know why no significant progress has been made[2] you need only look at this graph:
Note that it has a citation at the bottom, you should follow it and read the article to see that this isn't a bullshit internet chart. In the US at least, fusion has been consistently funded at a rate that the US government /knows/ is too low to see significant progress. You're welcome to make your own guesses on why this is the case.
[1] My second favorite thing in HV equipment after the explosively pumped flux compression generator: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx_generator https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosively_pumped_flux_compre...
[2] I'm not sure this is really the case. I think that the fusion research community has made admirable progress under trying circumstances.
This reminded me of that guy who tried splitting atoms in his apartment in Sweden in 2011.
Turns out last year in 2016 the police came back again because someone told them off he had Uranium. They shut down the whole neighbourhood and didn't let him come home for a full day while they searched it with a bomb squad and radiation team:
https://richardsreactor.blogspot.ca/2016/04/20160401-and-aga...
Risky stuff to do in this age of over reaction.
People have different risk tolerances for work and for home. Whether it invokes the bogeyman of radiation or nuclear reactions can be irrelevant. If some guy in an apartment next to mine is making a flamethrower inside, I might be a bit peeved. An accident might have consequences that might go far beyond their own property and well-being.
Does Uranium in the manner he was using it constitute a threat? I don't know, but it sounds like not. Does that mean the person reporting it, or the police responding knew that?
This quote is so telling on the limits of technology. So many people think of fusion as a technological miracle that can save the world. Here we have a man telling the world that we're fucked if we just sit on our asses waiting for this miracle.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L0KuAx1COEk
There Zach gives a quick overview (well hour long) of the current state of fusion and what its future is going to be. He didn't talk too much about stellarators but I feel I have now a better overall understanding of fusion physics thanks to him.
The thing has the thermal management problem from hell. The magnet coils are superconductors and have to be maintained down near liquid helium temperatures. The plasma is at a few million degrees. These are inches apart.
3D printing might help when the next one is built. Rocket engines have some of the same problems - they're plumbing parts filled with cooling hollows. Those take way too many joints and welds to build. The Space-X Dragon spacecraft has 3D printed engines, which gets the part count down.
If we ever get room temperature superconductors, these things will be much simpler. If we ever got high temperature superconductors, so that the whole thing could run hot, like a boiler, that might make it economically feasible.
"Wendelstein 7-X - from concept to reality" (10m30s)
So in the middle you'd have your conjoined mega stream, and then that would flow upward, be separated out into filaments which then curl around in all directions down to the roots where they are re-merged into the megastream.
Probably too much turbulence at the branches, but maybe they can use vibration and learning to find beneficial harmonics. I would hire sound engineers.
I just have an intuition that a single stream will never have adequate confinement and you'll need redundancy in the geometry to get good concentration.
Also search HN for previous articles.