Older fathers have 'geekier sons'
bbc.co.uk
bbc.co.uk
Older fathers are more likely to have established careers, establishing higher socioeconomic status, affording a lifestyle that engenders "geekiness".
If someone has a "geekier" career path or educational background, they're almost certainly more likely to have geekier children.
I think that controlling for variables means that you've tried to reduce the impact of other variables on the two that you're interested in. From Wikipedia: "In statistics, controlling for a variable is the attempt to reduce the effect of confounding variables on an observational study. It means that when looking at the effect of one variable, all other variable predictors are held constant." [1]
If you could control for all other variables then you'd know how much of a connection between the two variables that you're looking at.
I think this doesn't guarantee causation, though - you'd need to do experiments where you adjust the independent variable and then verify that the dependent variable changes the way you're proposing it should.
At least, I think that's how it works. Anyone else want to chime in?
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlling_for_a_variable
You also have to assume that it's possible for every person/unit of study to have a non-zero probability of receiving either treatment for all levels of the variables you are controlling for in order for the effect you're estimating to be defined. That is more likely to be violated the more things you have to control for.
Controlling for variables can rule out alternative causal relationships (shared causes between A and B rather than A causes B) as explanation for correlation, but can't rule out coincidence. They strengthen the case for these plausibility of a causal explanation.
"In the study population, advancing paternal age was associated with increased risk of some psychiatric disorders (eg, autism..."
Meg Jay writes more about the practical implications of potentially delaying common life goals in "The Defining Decade"
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/13523061-the-defining-de...
Their research is biased, and the entire organization follows a gay therapy model (which is to "teach" gay kids that their orientation is wrong).
*This is not to say that women don't play sports with their sons, but to say that it's silly to assume that all young fathers play sports with their sons.
In families with older fathers, [assuming] there is a higher percentage of dual parenting ... which could mean more attention at home = less time playing sports with the neighborhood kids
True but I'd bet that many of these men came from urban areas where the community had services in place for younger people to find older mentors, and generally stay out of trouble.
I'm from eastern Kentucky originally and was lucky to have a fantastic stepfather, but I watched a lot of kids grow up with not much support past their single parent of either gender, and only a few of those I knew made it to 18 going anywhere near the correct trajectory. Outside of churches, there wasn't a lot of taxpayer-funded support for kids with single parents as it was probably a "moral" issue to the local politicians who still find the idea of a single parent family abhorrent and prefer to ignore it.
Russia is a tought life country. A decision to start a family when you are still in your prime may make more sense there.
This is anecdotal evidence but one of my friends had a very old dad. He had issues which forced him to wear bifocals and hence he didn't participate in sports. And his father was 60 when he was conceived so his dad didn't play catch with him or get him to try out for little league or play basketball with him.
So instead, he stayed home mostly and used the computer and got into "geeky" stuff.
The father's other children he had when he was younger are all very active, athletic, etc and none of them have to wear bifocals, etc.
I got into sports because my dad played catch with me and encouraged me to play sports because my dad wasn't old when he had me.
On the one hand, older fathers will be more established, but on the other hand, they will have more defective genes and less active/physical.
So, it's a real issue, but it's also very was to percieved it as much bigger than it is.
To start, I'm going to assume that, by defective, you mean unintentional, correct me if I'm wrong. This is equivalent to the assertion that there is no feasible mechanism to preventing your germ cells from accumulating damage due to age, because otherwise, if it was maladapative, AND evolution could design a mechanism for preventing it, it would have. It's been long enough since mammals started reproducing sexually.
This doesn't even make a little bit of sense though. It's clearly possible to keep the error rate constant. What's the difference between the germ cells in my body and the germ cells in my offspring's body. Why do those last longer?
As you grow older, your offspring have more genetic diversity. It seems like the accumulation of mutations is intentional for older parents. The more similar your children are, the more likely they are to compete with each other, and the older you are, the more children you are already likely to have. So I propose that this is not a defect, but rather by design.
Second, why on earth does this explain the hypothesis? Nerds are smarter on average, yes? Does it not make at least twice as much sense that smarter individuals are sexually attractive at older ages than athletic ones than reasoning that genetic defects are the thing that makes a person smart.
Interesting question, I'm not sure but there is a selection mechanism with sperm creation, movement and implantation.
Ie your bad germline cells with too much damage don't make it to the next generation.
Why bother going to all that trouble when you can move the DNA to a new body and let the old one fall apart?
For it to have been worth it, a longer reproductive career has to pay off more than the opportunity cost of spending effort on other strategies eg aquiring more mates or investing more in your kids.
The most optimal balance is of course the DNA running around today.
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/children-with-old...
"Effects of increased paternal age on sperm quality, reproductive outcome and associated epigenetic risks to offspring"
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/children-with-old...
But in 99:100 cases the kids are as healthy as the ones of a 23 year old mother.
I don't have the exact numbers but it's something in that ballpark.
It's not a weak versus strong physical thing. And it would affect mental capacities at the same rate. Geeks are usually not dumber than average.
Everyone has a few mutations in protein coding regions, and the number rises with paternal age. Most mutations are neutral or harmful.
More rolls of the dice to accumulate more (likely small) damage is probably going to hurt you.
The way it almost certainly works is people who have better genes (for socioeconomic success in our current society) have kids later and these kids inherit these traits....
However it would probably be better if the dad had the kids younger.
It's also easier for denovo mutations to cause mental rather than physical problems as the brain is very complex so there's more genes used and more to go wrong.
PS I'm a 37 year old bioinformatician expecting a little geek in a few months :)
And, likewise, no similar effect was seen on daughters, either from older fathers or older mothers.
Or that it's a product of the socio-environmental factors discussed, but other socio-environmental factors like cultural gender roles mitigate it to undetectable levels in the mother » child and parent » daughter cases.
My completely unscientific impression is that scientific & mathematic acumen generates less of a financial return for women, and that when it does, it tends to generate a return earlier, with technical skills providing a foot in the door but subsequent success due to professional relationships. If, as I think the grandparent is suggesting, you posit that the reason for the observed correlation is that geekier males tend to be the ones that have children late in life (as opposed to earlier or not at all), then if geekiness in females leads to either no delay or not having children at all, you wouldn't observe the effect in females.
"This effect persisted after controlling for parent's social/economic status, qualifications and employment."
[1] https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-06/kcl-odh06191...
Haven't read the original paper yet, so no opinion on quality of the reported research.
> The mother's age had no impact, and daughters seemed to be immune.
When a significant effect is seen in only one of four comparisons (maternal vs paternal, sons vs daughter), then you have to suspect that the effect might be spurious.
My wife had our youngest daughter at 40 (I was 43), and my daughter was diagnosed as autistic at 3 and a half. After lots of therapy she was able to mainstream at age 8, and made the honor roll this year.
This morning she noticed a year in a book her older sister was reading. She exclaimed "That's the year Isaac Newton was born!". I said "okay" not sure if she could be right, and she then whispered to me, "and it's the year Galileo died". I looked it up, and she was right. So I kind of consider her geeky.
First, the article throws out some very reasonable sounding things, like older dads are more established and stable parents. This seems totally legit.
Then they start talking of a 'geek gene' that gets passed down by dads as they get older? That seems ridiculous to me. We don't even know how general intelligence works on a genetic level.
Overall, I feel like we put way too much stock in genetics over how children are raised. The world children live in today (screens, different types of processed food, flashy movies and cartoons) is so different than hundreds or thousands of years ago. Early childhood years are also hugely important for brain development and social skills yet we give little kids screens to keep them quiet, hooking them early.
Just seems like any excuse to not involve parenting is in vogue now.
That's a bit silly. Far more plausible is the supposition I will make here: geeky guys are less likely to be teenage fathers and geekiness is generally heritable. There, no epigenetic assumption necessary.
Inflammable means flammable? What a country.
Sure you can inherit behaviors, but I'm trying to be specific and say I don't believe it's genetically inherited, but a behavior that is learned. Kids learn by mimicking.
Heritable → polygenic attributes that may be partially passed on
Inheritable → (mainly monogenic) attributes that can be passed on
Something like that, I don't get it really but genetics uses the terms differently. Searched for deeper resources, didn't find any easily.
https://www.vox.com/2015/8/11/9127769/parenting-advice-worth...
https://www.vox.com/2015/3/31/8320233/time-spent-with-kids
http://quillette.com/2016/01/19/heritability-and-why-parents...
I do agree that there's no magic formula for being a great parent. The baby Beethoven phenom, best color to paint your baby's room, etc are indeed useless. But that's good parents who actually care trying to read studies and be better. These parents are involved, and care. Not all parents are like that.
From your second article:
"In fact, the study found one key instance when parent time can be particularly harmful to children. That’s when parents, mothers in particular, are stressed, sleep-deprived, guilty and anxious."
This sounds like exactly the kind of thing that would happen less with older, more established parents.
On the other hand, if the parents can't hold a job, or are addicted to drugs, I think you'd be hard pressed to say that doesn't have an effect on childhood outcomes. If anything, parents who are criminals are more likely to have children that are criminals.
If you want to say criminality is genetic, that's a fair argument. But I believe it's more likely to be about class/race/means, and is a set of learned behaviors.
I think there's a limit to how good parenting can affect outcomes to the positive (genetics). But I also think bad parenting can't be ruled out. And none of these studies talk about sub-par parenting.
Conversely, younger people are better at handling things like sleep deprivation and so on.
That being said, this specific case looks like bad reporting about a tepid study, so I wouldn't be surprised if it were totally wrong.
I know N=1... but when you're debating with your friends whether or not this (http://imgur.com/m52Wo4a) can be classified as a sandwich or if it warrants a new nomenclature entirely and realizing that these are the people you are associating with it's difficult to not look for answers.
- When the term 'sandwich' is used in reference to a bagel being used for the 'bread' there is a presumption that the bagel is sliced along a transverse equatorial plane with the hole of the bagel being orthogonal to the ground. This photo clearly defies that convention.
- A sandwich by most conventions is kept between two or more slices of bread in layers. If there are more than two layers between bread in a sandwich they are stacked vertically and separated by individual slices of bread. The subject under discussion has two layers, which is conventionally acceptable for a sandwich to have, but they are not stacked vertically. Some scholars have argued that this means that it is incorrect to call this a 'sandwich' in the singular sense but it is acceptable to call the entity a composition of 'sandwiches'.
This is just a taste of the great bagel debate currently raging across very small niches of geeks but hopefully it gives you a flavour of why no definitive answer has been accepted by the community. And this has not even touched on the bagel-complete problems such as the topological properties of the mobius bagel http://images.tastespotting.com/uploads/thumbnail/125155.jpg.
https://www.autismspeaks.org/science/science-news/study-ties...
http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/06/10/41320592...
Worse, double the risk of schizophrenia for children who have dads at 40. Triple at 50.
http://www.schizophrenia.com/prevention/older.htm
Other mood and psychological disorders are linked to father's age as well. Turns out sperm and eggs are delicate and after 40 years of aging, simply can't do their jobs well. Evolution's mechanisms aren't kind to older parents.
http://jamanetwork.com/data/Journals/PEDS/15536/poa60107t2.p...
It increases from a .6% chance to a 1.7% chance.
Considering most parents only have one to three kids that's really good chances.
>She added that some of the genes that contribute to geekiness and academic success might also lead to a higher risk of autism when a child inherits more of them.
- Father's who start a family later vs father's who start a family early but have additional children later.
- Children who are more likely to have multiple older siblings.
Example: https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/27/health/mental-illness-ris...
I guess the article here also says it:
> Repeated studies have shown that older sperm is more prone to genetic errors and children are more likely to develop autism and schizophrenia.
Example: Bill Gates.
At some point the geekier types either alleviate all their concerns and/or realize that a lot of great things can't be framed into a logical decision, and they make the jump. :)
How is it logical then to wait until you're older (define older!)?
Part of my decision - first child c. 30 - was not to wait any longer lest I be unable to keep up with them physically.
You want to be able to afford the increasingly higher costs of having children. You want your marriage to not be stressed from added financial responsibility. People tend to make more as they get older so many wait. That played a role in my decision to wait for sure.
The physical component you suggested is certainly a logical argument for having them younger. That pressure is higher for women too because they consider the risks of pregnancy (as you noted) and the possibility they may not be able to conceive if they wait too long.
I understand your decision but to me - having a kid at 30 over the physical concern is not logical. Sure I'd be 48 when they're 18 but even at that point, I don't have physical concerns. In fact, that would provide additional motivation to remain healthy. If I was considering physical capability for grandkids then that might enter my decision. My wife just talks about how we'd be the older parents in our kid's class which doesn't concern me.
Everyone's situation is different though. I just think finances is a big driver for those that wait and honestly I think it's a good one. If you're married and don't have your finances in order, there's a good chance your marriage won't last and you'll rack up more stress which isn't good for you or your kids.
There is more than one variable at work. My parents had me at 19. I remember the family always struggling so I decided never to have kids until I was 30 (and later just turned into never).
This finding strikes me as epiphenomenal.
Plenty of my non-geek friends with good income careers are just now trying to settle down at 30.
In parts of Italy it's very uncommon to have children before 40!
My first son is a soldier. The 2nd and 3rd are software developers and musicians. Works for me.
The really key environmental factors that led me to being a geek can firmly be put down to: My Mother taking me to the library every week; having plenty of books at home and school; and good quality teaching at school. I can't imagine that having an older/wealthier father would have that much additional impact on top of these factors.
I'm a geek and libraries had nothing to do with. Rather it was all about my geek big brother and some of my geek friends. Yet I don't deny that the geekiness can be inherited from an old geek father in most cases.
Came to geekiness mostly because I moved into different cities too much. Didn't find good friends, so I started gaming.
In the end the gaming led me to build my own PCs, fix them when they broke down and tweak the games and drivers. This led to interest in coding.
anecdote < data.
I was 36 when I got my oldest and 39 when i got my second son.
Just anecdotal but so does this seems to be.
They provide a link to the data the study was based on, but not the actual study, so it's not obvious how to check this.
On the other hand, is there correlation between myopia and intelligence?
http://www.nature.com/news/the-myopia-boom-1.17120
Basically if you spend all day with your nose in a book, your eyes start going to pot. And the people most likely to read all the time tend to also be quite smart.
The might however have more disposable cash, did they control for wealth?