Ask HN: Courses for learning math problem types?

I have a basic math background, but am noticing that there are real benefits to being able to recognize when a real world problem fits a specific archetype of other problems.

Does anyone have any suggestions for courses, books, YouTube series etc that cover this sort of thinking? I have a limited math background that is weak in theoretical stuff, but I can generally puzzle my way through if needed.

My field is bioinformatics if that helps add context.