I haven't tried using a source control system, that might work better. Hmmm.
And of course that only works for computers, There isn't a full version of Calibre for Android.
I'm asking because I use Dropbox to store my Keepass DB, and so far (2+ years) I haven't had any problems.
I do the Keepass thing too, and this has happened with it's files as well, but that doesn't seem to cause any problems.
To the layman, any situation that results in having Calibre show books which are not in fact there, or having books in the library which are not shown in Calibre, or having Calibre's check library function report that there are "invalid titles", "missing formats" etc., could be casually described as "corruption".
It's also synced automatically to an external hard drive connected to the Raspberry Pi, so I have two backups (one online, one offline) in case something goes wrong.