To offer one alternative explanation. It could be that the victim had some app on their phone which was logging SMS. The exploit may have involved sending the SMS code to the phone and forwarding it to the attacker. It's possible there was no exploit on Uber's side at all. We don't have enough information to know one way or the other.

Indeed. I think the story here, isn't so much about the loss in transaction fees, but how an attacker in Russia ordered and paid for a user in Australia's account.

I notice the victim uses Android: Is it rooted? What other random stuff do they have installed? etc. etc. - because that will make a huge difference.

There are many possible attack vectors. For example, password could be bruteforced by botnet, Android phone could be infected using some Linux kernel vulnerability, SMS could be intercepted because of vulnerabilities in cellular networks. And of course there could be vulnerabilities on Uber's side.

The title of this article isn't accurate. Personally I think it's just meant to scare people.

Money can't be "stolen" from your Uber account.

Someone can find out your password to your Uber account the same way they could get your password for any website. Then they log in as you, and take trips using your account. Your card would then be charged for the trips.

It's OP's fault that someone found out their password. Uber was nice and refunded them for the trips.