> avoid offending them
Start with a long list. Facebook has a long list of gender options, so you could start by copying that. Add options for "decline to state" or "not listed" and stop there.
> list them all, the whole list of them that peer reviewed neutral third parties ala science has proof of
Gender is a social construct, not a scientific one. It's generally up to the individual to decide. The same is true of religion, sexual orientation, and pronouns.
Colors of skin is an absurd thing to include. You're going to come off as very weird if you have people identify their skin color.
Race is potentially a scientific construct, but there is no general consensus on how to define or separate races. Everyone is on multiple continua of races.
If you're talking about ethnicity instead of just race alone, you're also talking about many thousands of options. Just don't include it.