At what age does ageism start to affect opportunities for software engineers?
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IMO, there's just not much to be done about it. My skills are about as good as they ever were, and my long experience can be extremely useful. Some employers will hire that and some won't.
I think the truth is, it really isn't a good fit. These places want young people because they want that kid to stay all night--maybe with a break with the gang for some beers before going back to work.
No thanks.
When a problem is rare enough, and people affected have other options, it is a reasonable pragmatic stance. Let the isolated business owner, who treats it as a personal social club, be less successful.
It is not good for society if these injustices proliferate. Economic imbalances result favoring arbitrary traits that don't increase the wealth of society. Innovation is inhibited, labor market inefficiencies result. People can't change careers as easily and adapt to technological progress.
But at an individual level, you have to play the cards you are dealt. There is a huge amount of noise in the system, but play them as well as you can.
Note that this is not the same as ageism. They'd be happy to hire me, even with my age, if they could pay me a bunch less.
Then after you are 35 or so, many younger people think you are "old."
From what I've seen, and yes saying this sounds ageist, ageism is mostly a problem created by young people.
Maybe some of the more wannabe SV type startups with 100x more sales bros than devs might be more ageist, but generally in the enterprise or consulting world (and even education) where I've spent my time, it seems most older developers are respected for their experience.
I do get nervous about this too though, because of what I hear elsewhere in the industry. It also seems tough to not cap out at a ceiling very early on in the career if you're not climbing some ladder.
For me this thankfully is in hindsight. I am now lucky to (a) be employed at a company which cultivates a culture of respect for technical ability which spans an age range of 40+ years, and (b) be 31 years old.
Senior Engineers with 3 years of experience, that enter management the moment they can score 5 years of experience, combined with an attitude that Senior Engineers/Architects are too expensive, mean that a bunch of slightly experienced engineers lead teams of absolutely inexperienced engineers. And these green teams lead death marches to creating Javascript apps to get the next cloud-mobile-web-social _disruption_.
No wonder nobody wants to go into computer science.
The biggest advice I give to programmers who are getting older and want to stay programmers is: don't let you skills atrophy, and always keep learning new technologies. If you do those things you're probably fine.
Older programmers can sometimes command a premium since if they're good they'll have a tremendous amount of very esoteric knowledge and a lot of experience.