This is not really related to the topic but for anyone else wondering like I did for many years how this statement makes sense (given that it is usually used in a phrase meaning a single counter example proves the general case true for some inexplicable reason), the phrase actually means something else.
A single counter example can prove a general rule exists in conversation, because we don't normally isolate examples unless they're somehow special. For example, if you come to my house, and I point at one of the chairs and say "you can't sit in that chair" you would assume you could sit in one of the others even though I haven't said so.
The example on wikipedia is "parking is not allowed on Sundays", which would lead you to assume that parking was allowed on other days. As it says there, a more explicit wording would be "the exception that proves the existence of the rule."
[0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exception_that_proves_the_rule
The word "probat" in the latin phrase has been translated in Wiki to "confirm", but could alternately be interpreted as "test" or "inspect":
E.g., say the "rule" is, the database always keeps data safe. I might not feel confident about that claim, until I see a case when the database fails to keep the data safe, and understand exactly how and why the rule did not apply in that scenario. If I never see such a case, I have little confidence that we correctly measure whether the database keeps the data safe.