All of the negatives are: You get significant Lake Wobegon, and a ton of people think they are 10x that aren't (including a significant portion of people on this very website). People attempt to measure their 10xness in comparison to the worst engineer they know or work with (which is really likely comparing a 2x engineer to a 0.2 engineer). We have no way of evaluating it. No good way of hiring for it. The majority of actual 10x engineers don't get paid like it (they're just known as that really good engineer on the team / company). People spend time writing about it, and reading about it to no real benefit.
It really is the ultimate programmer insecurity. If Cosmo made a magazine for programmers it would likely be their splashy headline every other week.
The reason I mention it, is that it's wasted effort even thinking about it. If you're an engineer, figure out what you can do to improve your skills. Some things are flashy, some things are mundane. If you're hiring engineers, figure out what you can do to improve your hiring accuracy.
I posit (with no proof) that nothing useful has come from the 10x programmer discussions beyond the 6 months following its introduction.