Couldn't it just be a heat dissipation issue? These sensors pack a lot of photo sites into a tiny package.
When collecting light, an image sensor pixel isn't really using up any active power (each pixel is basically a capacitor collecting electrons generated by light hitting the silicon).
However really long exposures are going to suffer from star trail effects - the earth is rotating relative to the stars, so a long exposure changes stars from a point to a short line, which _usually_ isn't what you want. On a 35mm camera with a fairly wide lens you can get away with ~ 30s of exposure time.
On a pixel phone I think you'd be able to get away with ~ 3s exposure time, but as it's going to get pretty hot over this time I'm not sure how much extra image quality you'd actually end up with.