If I only learn one right now will I regret choosing Golang over Java?
Java requires a whole app server which is more of a pain to setup. (generally speaking for web dev, think Tomcat, JBoss). It's way more verbose and you really need to rely on the power of an IDE to help code for you, importing class libraries, etc.
Spend a few hours with each, they're very different. Coming from Node/PHP you should be able to pickup Golang faster.
Spring Boot and Dropwizard makes this dead simple, a single .jar file with everything you need to run your app.
I'd also submit that few concurrency libraries are as battle-hardened as java.util.concurrent.* at this point.