Receding glacier causes Canadian river to vanish in four days
theguardian.com
theguardian.com
John McPhee wrote about this in 1987. http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1987/02/23/atchafalaya
As your source gets correct, the body of water in question is the Gulf of California, not the "Gulf of Baja".
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/indias-ill...
We need to train children in school to understand what statistical confidence means, so that we stop saying wrong things like this.
If you reject the null hypothesis with a 99.5% chance it is not a type 1 error.
I don't have a problem with them saying for example - "We believe that the river changed due to warming over the industrial era"
I don't really have a problem with anything they conclude to be honest, I was just answering another guy's question. Shitty of HN users to give me negative points over it. I feel like I'm on Reddit again.
"Based on satellite image analysis and a signal-to-noise ratio as a metric of glacier retreat, we conclude that this instance of river piracy was due to post-industrial climate change."
If you look at 200 rivers, it would not be surprising to find something that naturally occurs 0.5% of the time. It is not correct to say that there is a 99.5% chance that this is due to non-natural causes.
We're not going to get more information here without someone looking into where the .5% number comes from.
The method of Roe et al. is summarized as follows. Let 1L be the change in glacier length over the past 130 years (∼1.9 km), and let σL be the standard deviation of glacier length due to stochastic fluctuations in mass balance, b, from natural, interannual climate variability. The signal-to-noise ratio is defined by sL =1L/σL . Likewise, sb =1b/σb . Ref. 12 demonstrates that the two are related via sL =γ sb , where γ is an amplification factor that depends only on the duration of the trend and the glacier response time, τ . The probability density function (PDF) for sb is generated by combining the signal-to-noise ratios of the observed melt-season temperature and annual-mean precipitation trends, normalized by the summer (bs) and winter (bw ) mass-balance variability (Supplementary Fig. 1a,b,c), respectively. We take σbw = 0.3 myr−1 and σbs =0.5 myr−1 , based on the observed mass-balance variability at Gulkana Glacier and the analysis of the global datasets of glacier mass balance33. The glacier response time is given by τ =−H/bt , where H is a characteristic glacier thickness, and bt is the (negative) net mass balance at the terminus. We set H=590 m, based on the scaling relationship for glacier geometry suggested by Haeberli and Hoelzle34 and measured cross-sections35; and we set bt =−7 myr−1 , estimated by extrapolating the vertical mass-balance profiles calculated by Flowers et al.8 , thus giving a central estimate for τ of ∼80 years. A PDF is estimated assuming τ follows a gamma distribution incorporating a broad uncertainty of στ =τ /4 (Supplementary Fig. 1d). The PDFs for γ and sb are combined to give a PDF for σL from the relation σL =γ 1L| obssb . This, in turn, is used to evaluate the null hypothesis that 1L| obs occurred due to natural variability. Supplementary Fig. 1e shows our estimate that there is only a 0.5% chance that the observed retreat of Kaskawulsh Glacier happened in the absence of a climate trend.
It's essentially like saying that a pair of dice that rolled a 12 has a 97% chance of being loaded, because there's only a 1 in 36 chance of rolling that high.
Let's assume that when a river gets redirected, a scientist goes and investigates it (which seems reasonable), and is asked what is the chance that it happened by natural causes, or is due to global warming. Based on the analysis that @acover shared with us, we can see that out of a thousand such dispatches, 995 will be due to global warming and 5 will be due to natural variability. So it seems correct for that scientist to conclude "It's 99.5% due to global warming.". In fact, saying that it's .5% due to natural variability is equivalent.
You are probably thinking of the jelly bean situation, where a test is performed to detect something within a sample population. The test has a failure rate, and the population has a base rate of occurrence.
In this case (thanks @acover), they are directly calculating the base rate.
Now, you could also ask "How many times in a year will a scientist be dispatched and be wrong", which is a again a different question (and is closer to the scenario you described).
The paper appears to create a model for a single glacier's retreat. Selects the parameters of this model by analyzing all glaciers. Then determines the retreat of this glacier is unlikely under this model.
The issue is that there is a sampling bias. This glacier is not like most glaciers [I assume]. It was not randomly sampled from all glaciers. It was selected because of a river diversion due to glacial retreat.
What did they do to compensate for this sampling bias? I don't see it.
This is a faulty assumption and is what leads to the wrong conclusion. The probability of 0.5% is for a randomly selected river. That is, if you went and examined 200 randomly selected rivers, 1 of them (on average) would be redirected due to natural variability.
That does not imply that the remaining 199 were redirected due to global warming. It does not even imply that the remaining 199 were redirected at all!
What is needed is the percentage of rivers that have undergone this redirection. Here's a simplified example: If it's ~0.5%, you conclude it's just natural variation. If it's >0.5%, you conclude that something (possibly global warming) is increasing the number of rivers that are being redirected. If it's <0.5%, you conclude that something is decreasing the number of rivers that are being redirected.
Sorry, what is the probability .5% for exactly? The probability a river is redirected under global warming conditions? I didn't think that's what they computed. If it is, then my bad. :) I thought they had computed given that the river was redirected, what is the likelihood it happened due to global warming. Ah well, like I said, the details are the hard part. :)
"shows our estimate that there is only a 0.5% chance that the observed retreat of Kaskawulsh Glacier happened in the absence of a climate trend"
The 0.5% has nothing to do with the river. It is their confidence that the retreat of the glacier could occur in the absence of a climate trend based on their model.
What is the properly worded complement?
If there is not a climate trend, we would expect this to happen with a .05 chance.
If they meant the latter, my confusion is resolved.
Fundamental truth: bayes theorem.
P(evidence | null hypothesis) = P(null hypothesis | evidence) * P (evidence) / P (null hypothesis)
The P-value test determines:
P(evidence | null hypothesis) = 0.5%
= there is a 0.5% chance of the observed evidence given the null hypothesis
The statement "We estimate that there is a 99.5 percent chance that the observed retreat did not happen in the absence of a climate trend."
translates to P(!null hypothesis | evidence) = 99.5%
By Bayes theorem:
P(!null hypothesis | evidence) = P(evidence | !null hypothesis) * P (!null hypothesis) / P (evidence)
We know almost none of these terms. The answer is not as simple as 99.5.
The possible error you identified is with the original paper and not due to a lack of basic statistics education.
I agree it isn't careful wording. Thanks.
Bayes factor appear to solve this issue. I disagree that this is a basic education issue. It is a lack of agreement among scientists as to what statistical analysis is appropriate.
There are at least a couple of statistical fallacies in this conclusion. And there isn't a lack of agreement about that.
One problem with p-value tests is precisely that people misunderstand what the p-value means, which is where basic education comes in. It could save people from believing a lot of things they shouldn't. (Like many health and fitness crazes over the last generation, for instance) Or at the very least, we could train science journalists.
Presumably, the researchers did not select rivers at random to study, they selected this river in particular because of the changes it is undergoing.
I treat P(evidence | null hypothesis) equivalent to P(null hypothesis | data). When it should be
P(evidence | null hypothesis) = P(null hypothesis | evidence) * P (evidence) / P (null hypothesis)
As we don't know either of those extra terms we can't determine P(null hypothesis | evidence).
Thanks.
Interestingly wikipedia notes that P(Reject H | H) = pre-defined threshold for rejecting H [1]
Another good idea is to show the difference between reality and data can be overwhelmingly significant.
Videos demonstrating this with examples:
- "The Bayesian Trap" https://youtu.be/R13BD8qKeTg
- "Is Most Research Wrong?" https://youtu.be/42QuXLucH3Q&
The entire Alsek-Tatshenshini-Kaskawulsh-Dezadeash system's upper reaches occur in glacier-scoured valleys so ice damming or stream undercutting could greatly change the direction rivers flow. The northwest-southeast trench that includes Kluane Lake and continues beyond Haines Junction is the Shakwak Trench [4], created by the Denali fault.
Here's a map of the article's glacier and the surrounding area: http://i.imgur.com/tL84Bd0.jpg (edited from the park map [1])
A different scan from a 1985 topo map: http://i.imgur.com/cVmWLlP.jpg (cropped from [2])
Meanwhile, 90 kilometers downriver (south) along the Kaskawulsh->Alsek, the west-to-east Lowell Glacier used to squish the north-to-south Alsek River against the far valley wall, damming it and causing a lake to extend upstream [3]-- the last time this happened was around 1850; the source estimates it'd take a year of being dammed for lake to extend up the Dezadeash to Haines Junction.
[1] http://www.pc.gc.ca/en/pn-np/yt/kluane/visit/~/media/088B38E... [2] http://www.canmaps.com/topo/nts250/med/115b.htm [3] http://www.geology.gov.yk.ca/lowell_glacier.html [4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Yukon#Physical_ge...
Rivers have historically meandered. They didn't have a set path. The modern expectation that rivers have a set path is one we tend to try to actively enforce.
Elsewhere in comments here, someone noted that the Salton Sea is similar. But if you read Salt Dreams, Native Americans had oral history suggesting that there had been a lake there previously. Geological records agree with the oral history.
Windmills and panels everywhere.
There's room for improvement still.
Not until it exists.
Cooooooooooool. Thanks!
China's efforts on the Loess Plateau has been held up as a success in reforestation which has also benefited the local agricultural economy.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sK8JNXHcBMA
"The area of restoration on the Loess Plateau in China is the size of Belgium and thousands of years of subsistence farming had made it barren and infertile. In 1995 the Chinese Government, with support from The World Bank, took drastic action to rehabilitate the plateau, and local people -- seen as both perpetuators and victims of the devastation -- became part of the solution. They completely transformed 8.6 million acres of wasteland into hyper-productive land. This caused a 300% increase in agricultural income and enabled millions of local family farmers to break free from entrenched poverty."
I also agree with the farmer who said "what about our children, they can't eat trees!!". There's an opportunity for climate change solutions need to be communicated at human timescales (days, months, years). Decades are too hard to imagine.
Thanks for the video!
Glad you found it interesting. In the text accompanying the video they link to more videos in the series from Ethiopia and Rwanda, with similar projects to rehabilitate the land.
(ps I just put this great book up on github. The author passed away, would love ideas to re-release the CC content.
Specifically, merging the short Food chapter into a nicely formatted single medium-type article would be a good step for readability: https://github.com/titojankowski/sustainable_energy_without_...)
http://titojankowski.com/sustainable-energy-without-hot-air-...
Thoughts?
One challenge with plant-based sequestration is that the carbon is released when the tree dies/decomposes. I wonder how planting more trees will balance out at the decade-century scale.
Sometimes in nature, things happen quickly. Look up glacial surge, for example. Just because a river dried up basically overnight because it got beheaded, it doesn't mean there's some global catastrophe playing out. It just means the glacier receded to a point where the terrain favored the other branch.
- Have fewer children
- Burn fewer fossil fuels (less driving, flying, heating, cooling, more wearing sweaters at home in winter, etc)
- Eat less meat
- Develop technologies to create energy without fossil fuels
At a higher level
- Stop associating consumption and material accumulation with happiness
- Stop targeting growth (population, GDP, etc) as solution to so many problems
- Take personal responsibility for what you do. Stop saying if others don't change my change won't make a difference. You are responsible for what you do even if others don't change.
At the top level:
- Change you beliefs and goals so that instead of asking others, you find what you can do and do it. There is overwhelming amounts of information for what you can do already on the web. If you want to act, act.
Even in developed countries the differences are stark. Qatar emits 54.7 tons of CO2 equivalent per capita, the United States 24.3 tons, Germany 12.3 tons, Switzerland 7.2 tons. A difference of almost 10x, with countries that all have similar standards of living! In a relatively undeveloped country like Burundi, the emissions are a mere 0.4 tons per capita[0]. A difference of literally 100x!
The best fix is a revenue-neutral carbon tax, with import tariffs on goods from countries that do not have such taxes (i.e. China). This internalizes the externalized costs of CO2 emissions, automatically encouraging development of more energy-efficient everything.
[0] Data from 2000, unfortunately, but the numbers have not changed in magnitude since then. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_greenhous...
http://worrydream.com/ClimateChange/
Would be cool to hear how it resonates (or not) with your perspectives.
Children are also important to us adults. We need them to indirectly take care of us when we're old by keeping the economy around us functioning and providing services and for us. Some western countries are facing potential problems with aging populations and not enough young people to support them. That's big and important. Possibly more important than global warming. There's no point having a stable environment if you die from a treatable disease because there are no doctors available.
Whenever there's a problem or a risk, and you're deciding what to do about it, one option is always "do nothing". We don't _have_ to stop climate change. If stopping it causes more harm that letting it continue, then we would be wrong to stop it.
So what's the expected cost of climate change?
A lot more passive solar architecture and pedestrian-friendly spaces.
Did you mean -> https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=14131759
Could it have been a glitch in the database?
I guess you are just one of those people who fail to acknowledge it unless it's your own home slowly getting submerged under water.
http://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/miami-beachs-400-million-s...
Sure, the writing on the wall is just words, but sometimes it's still worth a read.
It's exactly the kind of comment that needs to be downvoted and flagged.
Also, flagging doesn't really remove anything. You can change the "showdead" setting in your options to see all flagged comments.
The Thames is 346 km long, so probably not.
For reference, the Thames is 350km long.