No this doesn't happen. Some people may think that Uber charges the rider a different rate than the driver receives but it isn't the case.

A driver I had was sure this happened and asked me that on a fairly expensive trip (I think it was around $80).

I told him this didn't happen and I gave him my personal phone number and the amount of fare I was charged. I told him to check his daily numbers and if he didn't see this charge then to call me immediately. He never did.