Are you looking to just compile a list of the ways that someone might do this, or are you looking for a good solution?
Basically, every method listed here uses something as a proxy for a signing authority. In the real world, we have Notaries. In the online world, we often try and use some other trusted third party as a proxy for a notary.
That's what the credit card schemes are. You're trusting that the credit card company has done their homework and verified the identity of the person they're issuing a card to. Sadly, this isn't the case; I know someone who once ordered a credit card for their dog.
As with any authentication system, the first question you have to ask yourself is how important is the system you're guarding? What is the aim of the authentication?
The lower the value of the system, the less you can put into it. To sign up for an email list, you can probably just ask for an email address and send a verification link. To handle a large financial transaction with an untrusted third party, you're going to want a whole lot stronger verification.
So it really comes down to whether your interest here is for a practical application, or if it's purely academic and you're just wanting to compile a list.