Kaiser was, however, one the first systems to start (2000) and finish (2010) their electronic transition. Their decision had nothing to do with the government mandate in 2009, precisely because their business depended on it.

Also, don't forget that EHRs don't come with a data governance model, so the entire onus of maintaining clean, available, interoperable data falls on the institution. Again, since Kaiser depends on clean, available, interoperable data, they made that a priority both internally and in their contracts with Epic.