Lethal Opiates Delivered by Mail from China, Killing Addicts in the U.S
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Before opioid prohibition deaths from opioid use were quite rare. You ever heard a pothead drone on about "it's nearly impossible to overdose from smoking marijuana"? The same thing applies to smoking opium. It's nearly impossible to overdose on that. But prohibition has pushed us from opium smoking and oral laudanum to injectable heroin to fentanyl and now we're at carfentanil.
The current USian "opioid crisis" is another manifestation of opioid prohibition pushing people from safer, cheaper, less disruptive and deadly drugs to more deadlier ones. Two decades ago some USian opioid users could go to pill mills and get prescriptions for pharmaceutical grade opioids but the DEA kicked down doctor's doors a bunch and that ended up pushing people to the illicit market. Maybe next time you see those scary increasing graphs of opioid deaths vs time, give that a thought? Sum up all those deaths (compared to the baseline, prior to the increased LEA focus on "pill mills) and ask yourself: are all those needless deaths worth it?
For a unit volume (so, for a unit risk of ending up in a concrete box as a consequence of shipping/making raw product) of uncut/active material, you want to be able to sell the most diluted/cut doses to end-users. Of course people will want their chemist to synthesise carfentanil (over regular fentanyl), because you can supply the the same number of end-user doses with 10,000 times less active material. The harder the enforcement, the more potent this selection pressure gets: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_law_of_prohibition
Anyway...
I think that even users of a drug have beliefs about the drug and its effects that are myths promoted by the anti-drug side. Drugs are supposed to feel like more pleasure than 100 orgasms, right? I actually think that no drug directly causes pleasure. It's like alcohol. Alcohol by itself does not plaster a smile on your face. The enjoyment of drinking comes from combining it with an enjoyable activity. Likewise for drugs. Their effect on mood is neutral and the enjoyment comes from combining it with an enjoyable activity.
I think one of the practical effects of it is that serves to teach drug users about the "addiction disease" and how to act their part in the drama. I suspect that it helps bring about the symptoms of the "disease", because without being educated about the symptoms, how would you know what you're supposed to do?
Maybe in the U.S., less so in China where ~25% of adult males were opium addicts in the early 1900s. The war on drugs isn't a success by any means, but at least the problems that exist aren't on that scale.
A better example of prohibition backfiring is with marijuana, where before prohibition ~0% of Americans were marijuana users, whereas today ~85% of American adults have used marijuana.
The number of people who use opioids regularly is a second-order concern (if only because fent-laced heroin certainly gets that number down) to me, frankly -- reducing morbidity and mortality due to drug use is a lot more important. With a decent medical infrastructure, addicts should be able to get opioid maintenance therapy with the right drugs and dosage and be able to lead actual interesting lives beyond trying to score the next hit.
I'd so much rather live in a country where people who want to get high on opioids can buy cheap, pure, precisely metered opioids that won't kill them rather than smashing car windows to be able to pay for overpriced fentanyl-laced drugs sold by criminals that might overdose them in the street (which will cause even more expense and load on the already-awful USian medical system).
By comparing the anecdotal regular users in the 1930s to the current population that has had at least one use you are purposefully making a faulty comparison. Why did you not compare past and current users?
And the higher the potency, the easier it becomes to smuggle. Contrast marijuana, where they have to haul the stuff over by the bale, vs even one brick of super potent opioid which could supply half the country for a couple days.
It's so hard to work with these that even the drug boards say it's suicide to try to work with them without a clean room and a hazmat suit. If you inhale just a little bit of the drug dust in the air it will kill you.
It's gotten to the point where some of these respiratory depressant drugs can be used as a chemical weapon if inhaled.
For instance:
Heroin = 2.5x potency of morphine
Hydromorphone = 7.5x potency of morphine
Fentanyl = 120x potency of morphine
Carfentanyl = 5000x to 7500x the potency of morphine
Methoxyacetylfentanyl = 30,000x the potency of morphine
A lethal dose of Methoxyacetylfentanyl is so small it's not even visible to the naked eye. Some powdered methoxyacetylfentanyl released from a drone over a crowd would be disastrous.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_hostage_crisis_chemic...
We sell all kinds of poisons on the regular basis and don't bat an eye. Are these any more interesting because they're opiates?
because they have useful medical effects, a safe dose, and a decent therapeutic index. They have accepted uses in human and animal medicine.
That the effective (and lethal) doses are both very small (and thus hard to precisely meter and dispense) only becomes a problem for people who can't access pharmaceutical-grade opioids.
There is of course still fentanyl related occurences aswell still, but scary Carfentanyl was in the wild already for some tims
So why not outlaw "any substance which is not already regulated which has _this_ effect on _that_ part of the human brain".
Then no matter how anyone tweaks the formula if it has analogous effect it's already illegal. Or switch from default allow mode to default prohibit mode.
As I've remarked before, the war on drugs and getting tough on crime is not working out too well for us, so it's time to change our plan.
I don't advocate off the shelf heroin or any of the cluster of ideas that suggest that. I do advocate focusing on the funnel that leads to addiction, homelessness, and death. Part of that is significantly amping up mental healthcare spending; part of that is having legally controlled drugs available in pharmacies for reasonable prices; part of that is supporting better schools (giving a window into a better world, and a way to climb through); part of that is supporting jobs programs. All of those relate in one way or another to the problem, some years and years earlier in the funnel.
No one is born choosing to be an addict in their later life; a series of choices and pressures put them there. The pressures from society can be changed, which shapes the set of choices visible.
The city of San Francisco took her dog away (twice) and declared her place a health hazard for a while, but ultimately it never forced her to get treatment and is tacitly approving of her heroin use. She hasn't paid her property taxes in years and the police come out about once a month, but the US has no ASBO laws so it's catch and release in hippie dippie SF.
She's got the money for the dope, and heroin don't care.
PS> She got the dog back both times.
But to the OP's point, if heroin was sold at clinics or pharmacies there'd be an opportunity for nurses and pharmacists to intervene and offer alternatives before a person's a full blown addict. Even if it's just, "Hey, you're hitting it a bit hard lately, maybe try this meetup group instead."
She's wasting her life away, but also endangering others' (as well as her dog's). Her dog was taken away most recently because she was out on a weeklong bender and left the dog locked inside the house. After a few days of wailing and notices, animal control finally went in and rescued the dog. This being San Francisco, of course she got the dog back after claiming she went on vacation and just forgot about the dog.
That said, there was feces and urine piled up in the apartment for that week, and a few weeks after. She also had a stopped up toilet that backed up raw sewage into her apartment for "several weeks" according to the health dept. She was literally walking around on waste soaked carpets for weeks...and didn't care. Because heroin don't care.
She would also freak out and randomly dial 911 while high and insist that there were people in her apartment that were trying to kill her.
I, mean, I could go on for days writing up the crazy stuff she does while high. Her family wants nothing to do with her. She owns her place, has a pile of money, doesn't pay any real estate taxes, is a "frequent flier" for the police and fire department, but all of this is just A-OK, right San Francisco?
Honestly, I could care less about her life at this point. I'm just worried about the dog. It never gets walked and lives in literal squalor.
Definitely keep complaining to animal control about the dog, and report illegal activity, but other than that it sounds like you should mind your own business.
Local councils also have some other powers for their Community Protection Officers.
That's part of why I think the funnel approach is going to yield better results: when someone's hooked, they are in deep trouble, and with far-reaching impacts.
My musing is that federal agencies are the right choice for this: they can ignore local pressure groups and focus on the global optimum.
So you what do you propose as a solution for this (likely unrepresentative) anecdote? Lock her up?
Until people realise that this is a rational and sensical decision there won't be any solutions for these problems and these cases.
The US drug "treatment" / "rehab" industry is notoriously awful and is dominated by pseudo-religious ideologues obsessed with abstinence (to the point that "cult" is often an accurate, non-hyperbolic term) and whose practices are not based on any medical evidence of what reduces deaths. It's a fucked up industry that loves to use degradation, isolation, and humiliation on its "patients", loves to make people withdraw suddenly from their drug use and force them to endure the withdrawal symptoms, and isn't even particularly good at helping people not die from heroin/opioid use.
Given the current state of the rehab industry, and given how ineffective the "treatments" it offers are, it can alas be a rational decision to avoid it.
here's some reading that is relevant: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/04/the-irr... http://theinfluence.org/the-rehab-industry-badly-needs-to-cl... http://www.salon.com/2012/08/28/do_12_step_programs_lead_to_... http://projects.huffingtonpost.com/dying-to-be-free-heroin-t...
Unless the US adopts some sort of ASBO laws, there's not much you can do about forced treatment for someone who doesn't choose treatment.
Also, you could substitute heroin here with any other equally damaging substance like alcohol and the situation wouldn't change.
I encourage everyone to read https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-social_behaviour_order which has a list of things the government was allowed to punish you for, including "rudeness" and "xenophobia". The most recent ASBO legislation is https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Social_Behaviour,_Crime... which I am not familiar with.
Keep that ASBO trash on the other side of the pond.
I prefer my government to absorb the cost of human despair rather than bill for it. Don't write policy based on outliers.
You are very good at using language. The reality is that government doesn't 'absorb' anything. Other people, some of whom can't afford to, pay for it.
No taxes, no currency, no economy to speak of (see: anywhere without a functioning government).
I don't get how some on the internet live and breathe in a government-sponsored property and currency regime and rail against the government part of it, but want to keep the property and currency.
Government turns around and spends those dollars in the economy. They are reallocated, not removed.
Desk jobs and fast food? As long as we have public healthcare I reserve the right to smack that bag of chips out of your chubby fingers. /end of rant
Then just systematically lock all addicts up and ship them off to freshly constructed prisons in Alaska.
Here if they check into detox, even if you are direct family you can't visit them or bring them anything because detox will deny they are there. You can't ask detox to call when they are released so you can pick them up and they don't end up released back on the streets.
Another problem is the waiting times for treatment. Real treatment is a long commitment sometimes living for years in a halfway house being supported by other peers to remain sober. An addict should be able to check into treatment and immediately commit themselves instead of waiting for months for a spot to open.
Lack of any facility for police to just dump out of control users and have them treated by doctors and addiction specialists is another issue. Often there are mentally ill with secondary addictions or other problems, and the police don't know what to do with them and money is wasted having them ferry around doctors to look at these addicts in jails or playing catch and release after a weekend in jail. A one stop sober shop and treatment option is always requested by police here but it never materializes.
Of course all of this costs money nobody will get elected with this spending platform on junkies until the synthetic opiates problem is so large the political will exists to do this.
All the addicts I've talked to including 2 of my friends who had a bad addiction for a few years, they all ended up addicts by becoming successful and partying to celebrate it. Anybody who lives in Vancouver if you go to VANDU and listen to one of their meetings sometime this is the same story you will hear: I was successful, I started drinking and partying, I used drugs to help regulate my sleep, or to get sober (cocaine sobers you up) or stay awake to function, I ended up an addict and lost everything here I am living in the dumpster or flop hotel being enabled by other addicts because I stole from every family member/friend and burned all those bridges.
Of that group that stays in treatment, more than half got jobs (almost all without our help, although we're starting to help now). Focusing on rebuilding your life while on Suboxone, while having access to mental health professionals (doctors, counselors, therapists) is working.
Open 6 months, we're growing fast and hope to help everyone we can. Only one in our city who accepts insurance without a waiting list, and we do that exclusively (no self pay).
It's good you have immediate treatment they still can't figure that out here, the "Rapid Access Addiction Clinic" in that story is unfortunately not accessible to all addicts and has temporary funding.
I don't need to own the entire system with this stuff, but it's very hard to set up (unfortunately). Hoping more people wake up and are able to do similar things. And we're going to keep expanding access to treatment.
We only accept medicaid (for the poor in the US), who otherwise wouldn't have access to free treatment. They pay $300-500 per month for Suboxone at cash clinics, but typically don't get as much behavioral health treatment.
When will culture come to its senses and realize that humans like to get high and that this will never stop?
Let's just focus on giving users accurate information and pathways out of usage, and skip the moral panics and claims that X is "sweeping the nation".
The combination of the technology to synthesize these drugs from unconstrained pre-cursors, the intensity of their effect, the lack of education on the part of consumers, and a tracking/enforcement system which responds more slowly than conditions change is leading to a situation where tens of thousands of people are going to die essentially at their own hand.
It is not a question of 'people like to get high' it is that 'people getting high on arbitrary things will kill themselves'.
I understand that you're approaching this from a legalization standpoint, and on that we agree. But the overdose rate is "actually" sweeping the country now and that is born out by the available reports of emergency rooms around the country. And between your "regulated and safe" future and now, there is a large pile of unnecessarily dead people.
the lack of education on the part of consumers
You realize if drugs were legal and regulated people wouldn't need to seek out desperate and risky online orders to satisfy their addiction?When weed was legalized in Oregon, I immediately knew exactly what strain/THC%/CBD% I was buying. This was not available on the black market.
Education and security come from acceptance and regulation.
That is far less dangerous than opiates; I don't think it's comparable.
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=13847136
IMHO Marijuana isn't a relevant example for the parent's argument because it's not that dangerous; it still is distributed illegally except for a few states in the U.S. and parts of Europe, and (almost) nobody dies from marijuana overdoses.
opioids, especially the lower potency ones, do not meet this criteria at all. With tolerance, minimum effective dose increases, but so does the lethal dose. With pharmaceutical-grade opioids whose amounts are precisely metered, it's possible to live in that window.
It's only opioids under prohibition (aka, uncertain/varying doses and ingredients) that are inherently dangerous.
There is no place in the US where traffic in marijuana is legal. The absence of state-level prohibition doesn't negate federal prohibition.
That's how a couple of people in my rehab ministry died. Meth is more reliably predictable in comparison.
Addicts are already punished enough just by being addicts. I doubt any of them want to be addicts. Making it illegal, heaping on more punishment, does not help and just makes it worse.
Government policy on addictive drugs should be focused on treatment, not punishment.
I agree that the current approach works very poorly; that doesn't mean any other approach is better. Sometimes what works poorly is still the best we can do, such as our approach to pancreatic cancer (though I don't think that's the case here).
Government restricts access to many things for safety reasons, from unsafe cars to prescription drugs to dodgy financial deals to highly enriched uranium. It's a simple formula, almost a slogan, to say 'legalize it and consumers will decide for themselves' (and in fairness maybe the parent isn't being formulaic in this case). In some cases that's true; in some cases consumers simply don't have that capability. In our business, IT security is a good example; consumers have no way to make a judgment or even know that it's working. It's the same for prescription drugs: Am I better? Is that due to the drug? The placebo effect? Natural progress? Maybe I'd be even better without the drug.
But that's all theory; before we mess with people's lives, we need evidence.
By making drugs illegal you cut off reliable, safe, and inexpensive access.
I personally know two addicts who OD'd because they acquired a batch of heroin that was more potent than they realized. One had been in and out of jail due to drugs.
They'd likely be alive today if addiction was treated as a disease rather than a crime.
> Maybe I'd be even better without the drug.
They didn't want to be addicts.
The American experiment with Prohibition suggests otherwise.
It implies that people are not using because it is illegal. Is that true for you? It isn't true for me, nor anyone I know.
For example, I voted in favor of marijuana legalization in Washington State. It's now legal. I didn't smoke weed before legalization, nor after. I simply have no desire for it. I don't know anyone who took up weed because it is now legal.
I understand the claims, but without evidence they are only a couple claims among very many. Evidence is what separates science from all the other theories of the world.
The problem with fentanyl is the dosage is in the micro-gram range which is why so many opiate addicts die from it. You simply can't gauge the dosage with such a powerful compound with any sort of accuracy.
The problem is again with education. When heroin addicts are getting stuff cut with fentanyl, they fall out because they do not know what dose they are taking.
If you know how much you are taking, these fent analogs can (and have been for years) be used quite safely)
People who become addicts don't like the highs and lows of the emotional roller coaster they're on, but it's the only way they know to cope with their emotional/physiological angst.
I've met someone who'd used cocaine 'recreationally'. His attitude was "been there, done that, don't need to use again."
Most of the street pharmacy's customers are self-medicating emotional pain. My mom didn't get hooked on the opiates her doctor recently gave her for her broken arm because she has a supportive environment.
The friend (who I've written about here before) relapsed on cocaine because she was depressed. Then she relapsed on heroin, supposedly to treat the high blood pressure cocaine gave her (but probably more because she needed something to 'numb' emotional pain). This was the summer before she met me.
Really I think she just must've been lonely. This week I found a copy of a book she gave me for my birthday after we met. She inscribed it, in part, "my heart melted the moment I first heard you speak."
I think I've successfully bullied her current court-ordered mental health providers into recognizing the mistaken diagnosis made by their colleagues in the other county. The earlier psychiatrists just thought she was "persistently disabled" because they didn't try to figure out why she'd become psychotic in the first place (doctor-administered depo provera birth control injections made her suicidal -> street pharmacy -> psychosis).
Branding these people as criminals and throwing them in prison is outright cruel.
I suspect that many psychiatric illnesses are indicative of metabolic disorders, and/or malnourishment. An effort to apply the findings of physiology to psychiatric practice would certainly lead to an Understanding that would allow effective treatments to become mainstream.
> Branding these people as criminals and throwing them in prison is outright cruel.
In the future the 'war on plants' will certainly be recognized as a crime against humanity, or at least as society's autoimmune disease.
I don't know who you or her are but the situation you describe is rather familiar to me. Thank you for being around for someone else and doing these sorts of things to help them.
Cocaine gets a bad rap and probably justifiably so (as it has ruined or taken more than few lives) but it's not the same type of addiction as opiates. If people were able to use cocaine responsibly in small amounts I really think it wouldn't be much of an issue. The trouble is that people have trouble gauging where they and tend to go overboard, particularly during a session. But it doesn't have to be used like this. A good analogy might be turning up a bottle of liquor vs slowly enjoying a few beers. With cocaine many people are simply unable to resist the temptation of overdoing and it causes problems. But in my mind it's not the same level of harmful as something like opiates or methamphetamine.
I don't recommend running out and looking for cocaine because "hey it's not really that bad" though. Chances are good you'll get carried away. As for smoking or injecting cocaine, that's a whole different topic.
A girl I work with moved house a couple of years ago, to move in with some cool people who invited her out to cool parties. To fit in she tried the cocaine, then moved on to buying her own to share with her best friend. Roll on two years and her life is as good as over. Bearing in mind that she is just a workmate, not the love of my life or a relation, however, finding out that she has moved on from cocaine to crack has been the most shocking thing that has happened to my life. Today she has conjunctivitis which is a progression of what kept her off work last week - some grizzly puss filled sores in her throat and ears. Obviously it is just a flu and not because she has wiped out her sinuses by smoking/snorting cocaine.
As mentioned I have seen these white powders around all my life, if I think now how lucky I was to be naive enough to not take the path of my workmate, otherwise I would be done over a dozen times by now!!! Only now in seeing the descent of my workmate have I learned what these things do. I am now wondering how the marriages and jobs worked out with those people I saw along the way with the white powders at parties, maybe I saw them at the stage my workmate was at a couple of years ago, seemingly in control.
I have had to read 'Beyond Addiction' to personally cope with the one-person humanitarian crisis that I only learned of three months ago. I can already see how the next stage gets progressed to, my workmate has nightmares and awful sleep, I believe that 'benzos' help with that or there is also the heroin mix. So then there is the descent into homelessness and prostitution, then the legendary rock bottom where a methodone script can be my workmate's existence for the rest of her days.
I would do anything to save my workmate but it is already too late. If she lasts three months in work then that will be a miracle. With a 'payday loans' existence as it is the fall is going to be out of control crazy stuff.
Essentially her problem is a triple onion of the childhood hurt, the drug itself and the scene of 'happy party people' that she 'has a good time with'. She thinks that if she can solve the childhood hurt then everything will be great but she ignores the elephant in the room.
The disease she has is 'addiction' and there is no cure. It makes no difference whether she is on cocaine or opiates because the journey is the same. It is a horror movie and it really does affect more than just the addict.
I understand that Cocaine's effect on brain chemistry is sort-of like the Mono Amine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs, 1st-generation anti-depressants). The reversible MAOIs are safer than the non-reversible ones.
Methylene Blue is a research chemical that has MAOI properties, and is reversible.
If you're interested in emailing let me know where to contact you.
This affects junkies to occasional/recreational drug users.
Not sure about the US, but there has been significant overdoses and fatalities relating to fentanyl and other related.
It's a word of caution, you don't know what's in your drugs, it can kill you more than ever.
Same here in the US. I live in a heavily effected area and its always the same thing fentanyl. People are used to taking a certain dose so that's what they do not knowing fentanyl is in there and it usually results in a death unless someone has or can get narcan there quickly.
Part of me wonders why they don't just do a little first and then do more, but I guess I get it- they are addicted and they just want their fix ASAP.
So if you try a small sample, or a large one, it doesn't matter.. it could be the next hit you try has that extra microgram of fentanyl.
I have had friends with brothers who died from taking a all night study aid in university, that happened to have Carfentanyl in it.
Always caution on the side of safe regardless of what type of illicit drug is, or if it's your first time, once in a lifetime.
They just don't make illicit drugs like they use to... They could definately kill u always, but now the potency of a microgram difference can and that's pretty scary.
Actually, this has kind of always been true. http://everything2.com/title/Heroin%252C+MPTP%252C+and+the+k...
The problem is that an illegal drug has no quality control. If you want to stop this kind of stuff, legalizing it is one of the few (possibly only) useful solutions.
People aren't very selective at what they stick up their nose or in their veins. Your average cocaine end-user is the 14th person who's had their hands on that particular drug. Chances are it's been cut with who the heck knows what at every step along the way, since everyone wants to maximize their profits.
When you get a package of what-should-be drugs from China or Colombia or anywhere, who's to say what's actually in it? The FDA isn't testing that stuff. If you think it's heroin and there's even a little fentanyl mixed in it, your last use could be fatal.
How much safer would 'recreational users' be if they had a legal, clean (pure), supply and a place to use it where they are monitored?
As the parent posts have said, the above combined with help for getting out of the hole in the same place would probably be more effective. It would /ALSO/ be the most effective way of defeating the criminals that make money off of the drugs; by depriving them of sales.
>Crime Issues: 60% drop in felony crimes by patients (80% drop after one year in the program). 82% drop in patients selling heroin.
>Death Rates: No one has died from a heroin overdose since the inception of the program. The heroin used is inspected for purity and strength by technicians.
>Disease Rates: New infections of Hepatitis and HIV have been reduced for patients in the program.
>New Use Rates: Slightly lower than expected. 1) As reported in the Lancet June 3, 2006, the medicalisation of using heroin has tarnished the image of heroin and made it unattractive to young people. 2) Most new users are introduced to heroin by members of their social group and 50% of users also deal to support their habit. Therefore, with so many users/sellers in treatment, non-users have fewer opportunities to be exposed to heroin, especially in the rural areas.
>*Cost Issues: 48 dollars/day: Patient costs are covered by national health insurance agency. Patients pay 700 dollars/year for the compulsory insurance. Note: The Swiss save about 38 dollars per day per patient mostly in lowered costs for court and police time, due to less crime committed by the patients.
[0] http://www.citizensopposingprohibition.org/resources/swiss-h...
Legalized drugs would absolutely deprive criminals of domestic profits but there would still be gangs that export and fight over that black market. For example large amounts of marijuana in Canada ends up exported to Vietnam and sold at every newspaper stand in Hanoi for premium prices to the new middle class users there. The various gangs shoot each other here on a regular basis for control of that export operation or rob legal grows to get free product. In other words large amounts of money will have to go to export prevention enforcement.
The best argument for legalized/regulated narcotics is it prevents this kind of synthetic opioid medical disaster by either prescribing heroin to addicts or selling it without prohibition price spikes due to busts, so the incentive to import cheaper synthetics is gone and drug quality could be more easily identified by the end user. The income from any sales can go to treatment to prevent new addicts but many of us remember having been promised by governments who run gambling/lotteries how that money would go towards gambling addiction treatment and instead it just disappeared into general revenue.
I don't think there's any data out yet, but the idea was to prevent overdoses, but also provide clean syringes to avoid HIV transmission.
I don't have any stats to provide, but if your interested (as far as heroin) check out the Netherlands. Last i knew they had a program.
Edit: I believe the Netherlands have had their program since sometime in the 90's, so there should be data available.
It depends. Someone looked at PDE5 inhibitors (i.e. Viagra) purchased from online pharmacies and found that their products were accurately labeled. They were "own-brand" and from a clandestine lab, however the product was what is claimed to be. But these pharmacies rely on repeat customers and word-of-mouth, that encourages them to be responsible.
Dunno about opiates. If the customers seek consistent quality and use a "research chemical" website instead of a guy on a street corner this may actually be a step in the right direction, you get consistent quality, and opiate addicts with a regular supply of drug are surprisingly functional.
The patent literature is vast and the pharmacology established. You don't have to resort to the kind of experimentation that Shulgin did when he worked on phenethylamines (i.e. amphetamines).
Anecdotally the issue of potentially fatal heroin doses from fentanyl adulteration came up in a citizen's police class I took in Houston. One of the officers there claimed drug dealers don't mind accidentally killing the occasional customer because it puts word on the street that the dealer has really potent product. Who knows if that's really true but it's an interesting theory, anyway.
I can almost guarantee, if you get a drug in the mail chances are its a research chemical that will probably get you high, but NOBODY knows what the long term effects are.
I think carfentanil actually poses a unique challenge, because it's extremely potent and it's hard to accurately portion out such small doses.
Some of the earliest drug laws in the United States were enacted to discriminate against (primarily Chinese) opium users.
Anyways, if that many opiates are being exported to to the US, one has to wonder how many are sloshing around inside China itself.
Or like every merchant on Alphabay? lol, @ "some"
That said, I also bought an old FP book from the US and got a similar smell.
IANAL but would be interested to hear from one about the privacy and financial implications of this bill. For example, (d)(1) seems to suggest a $1 processing fee for non-letter class mail originating outside the US.
No a better example was when Alex3917 made up shit, and then tried to legitimize his shit by comparing regular "users" to the population that has had at least one use. Wait that's not a better example, I'm just calling you out.
Cannabis use was alive and well before Federal Prohibition, Alcohol and Marijuana. ~0% of Americans were users? Maybe in the early 1400s.
We detached this subthread from https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=13847157 and marked it off-topic.