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"N'étant pas en possession d'un document fédéral m'autorisant à travailler aux États-Unis, je suis en infraction. La décision sera confirmée plus tard par son supérieur hiérarchique – que je n'aurai pas la possibilité de rencontrer."

It seems the decision by the officer was actually upheld by his/her direct superior (referring to the original. Translation: "Not being in possession of a federal document authorizing me to work in the United States, I am in violation. The decision will be confirmed later by his superior - that I will not have the opportunity to meet.").

"Never attribute to malice that which can be attributed to incompetence."

> Incompetent CBP officer incorrectly concluded that its a work without a proper work visa.

It's more subtle than that. If it hadn't been for the very specific exception for scholars it would indeed have been work without a proper work visa.

Well, the CBP should bloody well train their staff on the rules they're tasked with enforcing.