My favorite general db book is Database Systems: The Complete Book (DS:CB), by Hector Garcia-Molina, Jeff Ullman, and Jennifer Widom. This is a good book for learning about relational modeling and how to normalize a model so that your eventual schema has as few dependencies between entities as possible. I taught an introductory class where the required (by the department) textbook was Foundations of Database Systems by Elmasri. It's definitely not my favorite book, but if you skim chapter 3 on entity-relational modeling and then chapter 9 on converting an entity-relational model to a relational model suitable for an RDBMs, that is a useful starting place. When I was teaching the class, I often had to go back to the Garcia-Molina,Ullman, Widom book for simple and clear language around concepts for my lectures.
I'll second the recommendation for Joe Celko's books for general SQL programming.
For just one example: https://www.mssqltips.com/sqlservertip/1257/processing-data-...
I can't find the article, but I remember reading that to get acceptable performance in SQL Server Service Broker it (under the hood) actually padded rows to ensure there was only one item per page on disk (or something similarly implementation specific to SQL Server).