The Great Moon Hoax
hoaxes.org
hoaxes.org
Making fun of holocaust deniers.
>The Moon does not exist!
>This is no lie. Until recently, I, too, believed in the traditional, establishment view of the moon. But any thinking person, untainted by the biases imposed on us by the controlled media, will have no choice but to reach the conclusion I did once faced with the facts described in this account.
Replace Moon with whatever you want.
Holocaust, Moon landing, 9/11, etc.
I love it, absolutely fantastic.
I'd be pretty mad too.
I can't wait until I get a chance to drop this on some truther argument or another.
The LRO must feel pretty damn stupid, orbiting and photographing nothing. Let alone all those silly humans updating tidal charts.
Arguably all the newspapers/websites that do news are funded in the same way now, advertising rather than directly by their readership throughout the western world, everyone reads penny papers and don't have an alternative. Since they get their news from each other, and its potentially all made up how does anyone brought up in that environment know what is actually true?
Some years before, Osama bin Laden was still "a good guy" of the media, presented as a former "anti-Soviet warrior" and a "Saudi businessman":
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interviews_of_Osama_bin_Laden#...
Then consider the support for the "moderate rebels" in Syria now.
If you want something almost 200 years old, Britain presented their wars in support of their opium traders(!) to China, after China forbade the opium trade, as the "enforcing" of "free trade." That's how Britain got Hong Kong.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscoun...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riegle_Report
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War#Iraq_2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93United_States_rel...
Is the thinking that it was bad intelligence or falsified intelligence? And what about the other foreign intelligence agencies that supposedly corroborated it?
So what happened then in 2003:
The Independent reports in 2012:
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/man-whose-w...
"Defector tells how US officials 'sexed up' his fictions to make the case for 2003 invasion"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvntaL3nxEw
The Guardian reports in 2011: "Curveball" admits to WMD lies that triggered Iraq war"
Other foreign intelligence agencies?
On another side of the ocean, UK and Tony Blair did their part of lies: the "secret services" presented a work of a student, which they copied from the internet(!) as their own "research" and a "proof":
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_Dossier
"much of the work in the Iraq Dossier had been plagiarised" "The most notable source was an article by then graduate student" copied "verbatim including typographical errors"
And the attack of Iraq on Kuwait, that was the cause of the first Gulf war, was also result of the signaling that the US prepared for their ambassador (not "don't touch Kuwait, we'll attack you then" but "we want peace" which Saddam translated "if you do it fast we won't do any more war afterwards"):
http://foreignpolicy.com/2011/01/06/why-one-u-s-diplomat-did...
""There was no way that April could have done anything more than she did without authority going all the way up to the president of the United States," said White. "Because we don’t make idle threats. If you’re going to threaten, you have to really mean it.""
By the way, the testimony of a "nurse" about "Iraqi killing babies" that was a direct excuse for the first Gulf war? Fake, she was the daughter of the Kuwaiti ambassador in the US:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayirah_(testimony)
"al-Sabah's testimony has come to be regarded as a classic example of modern atrocity propaganda."
See also my other post here, about Vietnam war.
P.S. As you still don't believe that there were no WMD in Iraq:
http://edition.cnn.com/2013/10/30/world/meast/iraq-weapons-i...
"October 6, 2004 - The final Iraq Survey Group report is released. The report concludes that Saddam Hussein did not possess weapons of mass destruction."
"March 31, 2005 - The Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction reports that the intelligence community was "dead wrong" in its assessments of Iraq's weapons of mass destruction capabilities before the U.S. invasion."
The US really did it best to find anything once they were there. But there wasn't anything at all. The West did sell Saddam the weapons earlier, but he also destroyed it all for the West. He simply didn't want war.
However, it seems to me that for the most part very few people would switch from anti-war to pro-war based on this issue.
It is mostly, but not entirely, irrelevant to the moral questions surrounding foreign interventionism.
But it is important for the historical record.
Also, they usually have an agenda, and you'll notice how all the facts presented somehow highlight that agenda.
Also, simply try to think about all the ways the story could be wrong, or that would disprove the assumption. Are theses things addressed in the story? If not, they probably don't have an interest in conveying the truth. An article usually works by shining a light on certain aspects of an event. Try to mentally shine the light on other aspects.
Essentially, don't fall for "proof by anecdote". If they present you with a sob-story of somebody to relate to, try to generalize and ask yourself if it is still true.
What experience do you have that differs from typical people which allows you to make these judgements?
How are you determining that this isn't just your own confirmation bias?
But if you want: I am a trained mathematician, so I am trained in identifying the root assumptions of problems.
I am aware of the typical ways to lie with statistics. There are books about that, everybody can and SHOULD read those. For example choosing certain time intervals, making charts not start from zero to inflate a trend, picking the aspect that best supports your claim (for example, either use relative growth or absolute growth when describing an issue - one more murder in a town can mean "crime incidents increased by one" or "crime incidents increased by 100%"). Playing with proportions, like drawing circles for comparisons and using diameter (instead of area) to correspond to the values you want to show. And so on - there are many possibilities, and they are all being used.
So, for example, if I see a chart depicting some trend over a period of time, my immediate instinct is to ask "what would it look like if the chart would start one year earlier?".
Also, I think fake news might have become a topic these days because people also get their information from social media. They often know about aspects that an article doesn't mention, so they are more often able to identify articles as fake news.
Overall, there is just one thing you have to do: try remain skeptic at all times. "Bend over backwards" as Feynman put it to disprove your own assumptions.
Nothing of that is specific to me, and it is not complicated. You just have to be willing to challenge your assumptions.
For starters, I would recommend reading those books on how to lie with statistics, and your essential Feynman. And get your news from multiple sources and compare them.
Everybody can learn about certain signs. If the person asking already knew them all, why did they ask? Then their question was vacuous, not my reply. Just because a question has an obvious answer, the answer is vacuous? What is going on in your mind? What are you driving at?
Have you ever read one of those books about how to lie with statistics? You really, really should.
Thanks for the recommendation on reading a book about stats - which would you recommend? I already work on statistical models in my job and would probably get in trouble if they didn't lead to tangible results so I might even have the book on hand.
I read a book in German (specifically on how to lie with statistics), don't know which ones to recommend in English. There is the obvious one with the name "how to lie with statistics", but it is very old. Otoh, available for free (but I haven't read it).
Feynman, too, don't forget about Feynman. http://www.ar-tiste.com/feynman-on-honesty.html
Thinking, Fast and Slow was a lot about bias, but not sure if it really gets the point across effectively.
Seeing how you interpret my comments, maybe starting with statistics is actually backwards. Perhaps start with language and communication first? Sorry if my comment sounds mean, but it really seems a bit crazy how you try to bend my comments into something outrageous.
The penny press are contrasted with the far more professional "six cent" papers which sought an up-market readership.
That is, people want to compare the New York Times and Vox, Wall Street Journal and Infowars, the National Review and Breitbart, the Washington Post and the Huffington Post, and allege that there is no fundamental difference between them. It reasoning usually goes something along the lines of "all media is owned by corporations trying to make money, so they will all make money the same way: by spinning to a narrative they think is profitable, and ignoring things they think is not, even if this prevents them from reporting the truth."
What people forget is that while yes, many (not all) journalistic institutions are for-profit and trying to make money, they have an entirely different approach: They believe more people will pay them for their dedication to the truth, and to at least an attempt at unbiased reporting, than will pay them to push out screed. They play a longer game; one that, in fairness, isn't always as successful in the short-term as the sensationalist yellow-journalism model, but one that has persisted over time nonetheless.
To make the comparisons I made above is to ignore the fact that the entities being compared have fundamentally different ideas about what they're for and what their goals are.
How can you tell the organizations playing the long game from those playing the short game? What makes you think the ones you've listed as "high-integrity" outlets are such? Is there a difference in incentives or management structure that would explain the putative difference?
All journalistic outlets have an incentive to make people think they are playing the long game. What evidence do you use to decide which are really adopting that strategy?
Basically, you're evaluating credibility and the extent to which the organization needs it to survive. I think you can tell by looking at a few things: To what degree does the entity sensationalize their coverage? To what degree do presumably fact-based articles spend time on opinion, rather than said facts? Does this organization's reporting of events factually match those of other reputable organizations, including those that have a different alleged political bent? Does the organization indicate when it has conflicts of interest, when it corrects errors, etc., and how often does that happen? Does the reporting put conclusions before evidence? Does it make conclusions at all, and should it be?
Essentially, it's holistic. It requires reading multiple sources and spending time on your own figuring out how things line up. It also requires being willing to place a certain amount of trust in reporting of organizations that do seem legitimate, for instance, when they rely on anonymous sources or report on things that aren't yet clear-cut. I think that to a large extent, proponents of the "fake news" argument are unwilling to accept that level of personal responsibility in understanding the world around them. They want it spoon-fed, and they want it to confirm their preconceptions, and then they get mad when the outlets willing to do that for them lie.
Here's an example: When CNN reported on the Trump Russia dossier, it was attacked as fake news. However, upon actually reading the article, nothing false was said. CNN didn't report the dossier was true, they spent the whole article reporting on how Buzzfeed found it and reported it and whether they thought Buzzfeed ought to have done so. That is very different from the original Buzzfeed article, which spent a lot of time talking about how ludicrous it would be if stuff in this more-likely-than-not fake collection of documents were true.
> Is there a difference in incentives or management structure that would explain the putative difference?
I would imagine yes, or at the very least, in organizational goals. However, since I don't work for a news organization and am not a journalist, I don't know enough to be specific.
> All journalistic outlets have an incentive to make people think they are playing the long game. What evidence do you use to decide which are really adopting that strategy?
For evidence - see above. However, I don't think the entities I named before as short-game/biased really care whatsoever about whether people perceive them as honest, because their goal is not to be seen as honest. Their goal is to get attention for their message/advertisers/paywalls however they can.
Is your CNN example supposed to be an example of high-integrity news or fake news? My reading is that both CNN and Buzzfeed had the goal of propagating the dossier and wrote articles where everything they said was technically true so they could have a fig leaf of credibility while still getting the information out.
The CNN example is a useful one because it is an example of both, in that it is an example of how "fake news" can mean "stuff I don't like/don't want to hear about/that makes me feel bad about my particular political preferences," and can also mean "poor reporting with clear biases."
It might be fair to say that CNN wanted to propagate the dossier, for whatever reason. It's fair to say CNN has an editorial bias. What's not fair is to say are these things:
1) The dossier's existence wasn't worth reporting on once it had been made available. Even if it was one hundred percent false (not clear, and some parts have been independently verified, but not the important ones), the leaking of a classified piece of intelligence that was provided to the President of the United States in a briefing is 100% newsworthy. The fact that that intel is regarding something which may be false does not make it not worth reporting on, because the focus is not the document itself - it's that the document exists at all, and that the Trump administration is leaky enough not to be able to protect it.
2) CNN cannot do good reporting because they are biased. A partisan bias to some degree does not make their reporting wrong, because they adhered to ethical standards when they reported. That is, the meta-level of "this exists, but we aren't gonna speculate on what would happen if it were real" that CNN used is different and restrained compared to what Buzzfeed/HuffPo/whomever else did with it. CNN didn't start crowing about the evils of Trump or use the dossier to start a partisan conversation, it took the tack of "this exists and people have a right to know."
3) The fact that the dossier 'blew up' after CNN reported on it (really, after they reported on it being reported) is CNN's fault. Really, this goes back to Buzzfeed, and the way Buzzfeed reports. That, I think, is where the discussion over ethics should be focused - did Buzzfeed do the right thing in making the decision to report it, and in the way they reported it? The case there is not, to me, nearly as clear-cut.
I think your read is not necessarily an unfair one, but what's important is not to dismiss CNN or Buzzfeed as a source of news because of it. Similarly, evidence exists that Wikileaks is a mouthpiece for the Russian intelligence complex. That might be quite true, but if it is, it doesn't make the Podesta emails not real, or change the importance of the Panama Papers, etc. That is, you can be 100% right about CNN's goals, but it doesn't mean you shouldn't know about the dossier or that the dossier is "fake news." It's real news, reported by someone who may or may not have an agenda.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criteria_of_truth
The full story is more complex, and ultimately boils down to the observation that drawing reliable and factual narrative is expensive, and that we employ a great many heuristics to reduce these costs. Some of these heuristics are categorised as "logical fallacies" (generally informal), though on closer examination, many of the fallacies are better considered as "shortcuts to truth assessment which sometimes, though not always, work".
It's also hugely useful to recognise that there are a number of different primary modes of communication, two in particular of which are dialectic vs. rhetorical speech. Dialectics seeks to arrive at a truth. By contrast, rhetoric seeks to persuade of a viewpoint. Rhetoric is not necessarily bad, though it is inherently suspect (an observation which dates back to Plato and his criticisms of the Sophists, from whence: sophistry).
I'm also inherently skeptical of any argument which arises from an ideological viewpoint. Truth doesn't arise out of ideology, ideology may arise out of truth. Which gives me pause to such publications (otherwise generally sound) as The Economist which is fundamentally predicated on the propogation of free-market ideology (see the paper's Prospectus).
Close observation and vigelance are required. And no source is perfect. The primary question is whether or not the organisation is responsive to its own errors.
The claim you're making is oft-repeated, massive, and rarely seems to have evidence connected to it, other than a general feeling of partisanship and the fact that we have more news outlets now than we used to. Do you have hard evidence to present?
But even if all the news sources available acted purely out of what they thought was best for the non-partisan public, it would still be incumbent on the individual to learn to process news analytically. That responsibility doesn't change.
It's just easier than ever to find out and/or challenge their shortcomings and inclinations, thanks to the web. We are also coming out of 15 years of very close relationships between power and media, which were painfully evident at various critical points in time (post-9/11, Iraq, 2008 etc). A general rise in distrust was met with new media that made it easier to disseminate and multiply such distrust (whether justified or not).
> seek out other equally low quality sources as a substitute. That doesn't make sense to me.
"Quality" is a very subjective term. You fundamentally rate journalism quality in relationship to the fundamental truths you perceive. If you believe Big Companies are up to no good and you read a detailed reportage of corporate abuses, you think it's high-quality reporting; but if you believe corporations are the economic engines of America and should be cut some slack, the same exposé can be read as scandalistic and alarmist. Most other parameters one would use to judge journalism (source quality, corroborating cross-references etc etc) are simply beyond the average person.
Of course that only gets you so far when all of them are just reporting from the same source, which itself is a false story.
There is a technology example I often consider - the release of the 3900 series processors from Intel. I and many others read all the reviews from all the reputable (and non reputable sources) and all of them concluded confidently on release day the 3930k would overclock to 4.9+Ghz. It didn't however, in retail they topped out at 4.6 and more frequently 4.4Ghz. Intel had sent out golden samples of a stepping they never sold. Did reading widely help those purchasers make an informed decison? It didn't. Did the journalists report unfairly?! Well maybe. What shocked me was that they themselves never broke the story of the steppings, just random people buying CPUs organised on a forum worked it all out from CPU-Z and their own overclocking results.
I don't have a solution, I don't think there can ever be one when humans are so willing to lie to make money or just attributation.
... Some will be less quality others wont but essentially they are different. They don't all follow the same mass media tune, they can be more specialized, less bureaucratic, closer to the source, hold several articles by known independent journalists, journalists will do it out of interest and not because "we need more Trump news!". This also bring disadvantages sometimes, but diversity is key to evolution.
I'm no investigative journalist and this is a comment section. But you can Google "mass media trust" and see that most sources reflect the obvious distrust on mass media. Looking for alternatives is only the next logical step. Or do you have any hard evidence that people will just sit by?
Once you've furnished that, I'd be happy to continue this discussion and respond to the points you've raised here.
And I quote my comment above: > I'm no investigative journalist and this is a comment section.
Here we give opinions based on the little understanding we have about the world. Or would you like to provide evidence to? After all you were the first to claim that alternative media is not as good as mass media. Also any evidence we might present can be portrayed as unreliable, making it unproductive to evidentiate the obvious. So let's stick with opinions, cause I have a day life to attend to.
I'd say the reasoning goes like this: all of them are for-profit ventures in a highly competitive market with dwindling margins and ad-based revenue source. In such an environment you should expect the players to go for maximizing eyeballs. Truth is boring, and hard to report on accurately. Bullshit is easy and can be made much more interesting. There's also little consequence for lying - people forget about most "mistakes" the next day.
All of that paints the picture of those news sources being fundamentally the same game, and the argument is consistent with what I see when reading them.
Also
>most of the other New York papers began reprinting the narrative, in response to their readers' intense interest in it.
http://www.thisdayinquotes.com/2011/09/no-one-ever-went-brok...
Actual quote: "“No one in this world, so far as I know — and I have searched the records for years, and employed agents to help me — has ever lost money by underestimating the intelligence of the great masses of the plain people. Nor has anyone ever lost public office thereby."
https://amomai.blogspot.com/2008/10/hl-mencken-bayard-vs-lio...
The article mentions such a hoax would not have been possible before 1830 or so, because the technology wasn't around to spread information in such a way. They also point out that due to the presence of newsboys selling papers around New York City, nearly the entire city heard about the "lunar discoveries" around the same time, making it a shared experience.
It reminds me of the way we receive information now. When stories hit, they hit everywhere at once, but also stagger out over time.
You might see a story online first, then hear it on network or cable news later that evening.
The next day, it's in print. You might discuss it on social media, in a comment section on a website, etc. Only to find yourself discussing it again when it's on TV in the evening with those close to you.
It's a neat look at the power of mass media back when mass media was still budding on the vine, nearly 200 years ago. It only became more interesting when I began to consider the influence and power of modern mass media.
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p.s. To think that a group of clergymen had written to the falsely accredited astronomer to see if there was any way science might let them spread gospel to the lunar people, hah! I had a good laugh over that.
p.p.s. I've always loved reading about hoaxes, thanks OP for sharing this link, this is why I use aggregators! Much appreciated, I'll check out the rest of the site after I've finished this one.
p.p.p.s. I also found myself learning some new words while reading this. credulity, for example.
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Excuse the formatting, but I wanted to discuss this as well:
>Yale College was alive with staunch supporters. The literati — students and professors, doctors in divinity and law — and all the rest of the reading community, looked daily for the arrival of the New York mail with unexampled avidity and implicit faith. Have you seen the accounts of Sir John Herschel's wonderful discoveries? Have you read the Sun? Have you heard the news of the man in the Moon? These were the questions that met you every where. It was the absorbing topic of the day. Nobody expressed or entertained a doubt as to the truth of the story.
What a neat perspective on how this affected a college campus.
It spread like a virus, infecting all those who came into contact with it, no one doubted or questioned the information, and all likely continued to spread it themselves as fact.
It had to have become a game of Telephone at some point, wouldn't you think?
As the information got further away from the "source" it seems like it would be susceptible to having details omitted, twisted, changed entirely or remembered incorrectly.