How do you do that with an Android phone? With iOS this seems pretty easy
adb backup -apk -shared -all -f backupname.ab
adb restore backupname.abNotably, if you use google authenticator for 2FA, it won't backup and you'll restore a device that will no longer work as your second factor.
For non rooted this seems very tricky, that's why I asked. Most likely you will spend hours getting your phone to work again.