I didn't really read the article and I didn't read too many of the comments here, but to sum up this one massive topic or two massive topics, depending on how you look at it is probably going to fail in such a small amount of space. I just want to say (and I brought this up the last time I commented on a philosophically-themed post on HN) that I highly recommend The History of Western Philosophy by Bertrand Russell as a good and thorough overview of Western philosophy. And while some may argue on his view point perhaps, I would find it difficult for anyone to struggle with his style of writing.