The History of Asphalt
asphaltpavement.org
asphaltpavement.org
Of course, I only have my own personal experience and just a little probing of someone who works in the industry who has evaded my questions about it...
However, despite the large amount of traffic, I can't explain why new surfaces will disintegrate in about ~4 years. We're in 2017; some roads that have been made 50 years ago are still good to go, while others, new ones just fall apart as soon as there are a couple of days of frost.
My take on this is that it's all made by the large contractors to get more or less unlimited work from the councils, as the roads needs to be repaired every few years...
Am I being cynical? ;-)
Asphalt still bubbling from the ground; lots of fossils from since the last ice age.
While these traffic calming methods no doubt work, a badly made road would also slow drivers down.
As a kid, I visited an US Army Corps of Engineers training base, and they gave us the bituminous vs rigid pavement training talk, with two sergeants arguing the benefits of each.
Yes, everyone has an association, often multiple.
1) yes, government grant programs (e.g. Head Start) have lobbying organizations to lobby for more money for the grant programs.