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>what prevents a board like this from supporting USB3

The choice of which CPU/SoC (system on chip) drives that. The Odroids that support USB3 have an Amlogic CPU that includes USB3. This board has a Rockchip RK3288 that does not support it.

Maybe this? http://up-shop.org/4-up-boards

It's probably a price point issue. The latest Odroids have Exynos SoCs with the latest feature set and a price to match. Anything lower market is not going to have the chip IP, internal data bus, and high-speed transceiver IP to support these interfaces because the markets the SoCs were originally aimed at (cellphones, set-top boxes, IoT junk) don't need them.

There are also some boards, such as the Cubieboard2 and Cubietruck, that have on-board SATA III

The Odroid XU4 comes to mind.