I agree with a lot of this, but I think there is a single correct answer for the best way to first learn about the "Agile Philosophy": http://agilemanifesto.org/
The manifesto (to me) is how people who understood the nature and goals of Agile summarized their sprawling, complex, interconnected - and valid - thoughts. At the risk of being hyperbolic, I think of it like E = MC^2. Yes, that is a good summary of Einstein's theories, but if all you ever know of them is this summary you'll miss all the implications of what happens when you put it into practice. Probably a terrible example, but the best I could think of.