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I'm guilty here too.

But one side of me wonders why SQL databases do not better adapt to those 'anti-patterns' in software development, when developers for a variety of reasons are more confident in having logic in their app code than their DB code.

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The way I like to think about it is that the database does not know nor does it care (nor should it!) about the meaning behind the queries you're sending it. It cares about fetching and storing data correctly first and foremost - it can't tell your intent from the query you're sending it. It has to be told what to do (transactions, readability levels, etc) to ensure the data reflects what the app developer expects.

RDBMSes are general-purpose tools that need a little bit of extra information to give you better guarantees on how data is manipulated. You can reconfigure the database ensure serializability by default, but if you want it available for specific queries the app developer has to be the one to ensure that constraint.

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