New York City mapped its trees and calculated each one’s economic benefits
archdaily.com
archdaily.com
There are two statements that I think are meaningful: "this tree costs $X to plant and maintain", and "This tree provides benefits that would otherwise cost $X". But if you want to make the latter statement, are you really sure you've captured all the benefits? Including aesthetic ones? Because I'm not really convinced that's possible.
The US Forest Service created algorithms to calculate ecological value based on rainwater each tree retains, the electricity conserved, and reduction of air pollution - that calculation just happens to be expressed in dollars. How they make that transition from ecological value to economic value is a mystery to me, but it is just something to keep in mind as you look over this. It is moreso a measure of ecological impact, not economic (though, of course, they are connected).
http://time.com/money/4389722/national-parks-economic-value/
Improving public health and reducing e.g. lung cancer can have value for the national economy, even if individual people do not perceive tradable value in things like buying a home on a street with less polluted air, or quitting smoking.
Value is a slippery concept, and i think i'm willing to go out on a limb and say all value is subjective.
There was an article I read not too long ago that showed the areas in NYC with more trees and greenery also command higher rents.
Also on a completely anecdotal level I feel more "at ease" and less anxious when I'm in parts of cities that have a lot of greenery, especially compared to areas that are barren and nearly all concrete/brick/whatever.
I imagine I can't be the only one who feels that way.
That can just be correlation though, the affluence might make it easier to keep trees or be an indicator of larger setbacks or whatever.
If the affluent find it easier to keep trees that must be because they exert power to do so, which implies they want them for some reason. Same reasons they would pay more to be around them in the first place? The affluent would find it much easier to get rid of trees, even if protected by regulation, and the land value the trees take up is worth more.
I think the causation implied by this correlation is implied pretty strongly.
1. Has high reflectance in the infrared, so they reflect sunlight back to the sky before it is converted to heat. Built surfaces would absorb this radiation and heat up.
2. Reduce heat also by evaporating water.
3. Reduce ground level heat by providing shadow.
4. Remove pollution from air, such as sulfur oxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone (O3) and fine particles.
But yes, converting these to money is very indirect and involves a lot estimation.
Next time, try ice plant and jade plant, or just go with concrete.
http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/LA-Expected-to-OK-Pl...
"$1.4 billion plan to repair a backlog of broken sidewalks that will allow the city to turn over the responsibility of future upkeep to property owners. City officials plan to spend the funds, which will average at least $30 million a year over the next three decades"
0.1% of LA county's budget next year will be repairing damage from trees.
I'm not going to argue whether that's a large or a small amount. Just want to put the $1.4B number into perspective.
When you say you're not convinced that it's possible to be really sure you've captured all of the benefits, do you mean captured their exact value? Or a hard upper bound of such? Or a soft upper bound with a given confidence interval? Or even just enumerated all of the benefits?
I think calculating an upper bound with confidence interval for the value of a tree in a city would be a really interesting exercise. To do it properly you'd have to account for everything from tangible benefits (shade, reduced CO2) to vague generalities such as residents who "feel happier living in a city with lots of trees". I think it'd be possible, but definitely not trivial.
As ^green infrastructure^.
Trees->flowers->insects->pollination. Lack of pollinators can be compensated by more trees. This is but one example ~ https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/what-green-infrastr...
You can't expect to get in-depth, exhaustive explanations of complex concepts in a short article, but you should looks the primary sources cited therein and critique those if you feel they fall short.
A screenshot of some of this data: http://imgur.com/Pgvzfnf
More screenshots: http://imgur.com/a/ctLGx
As a kid coming from semi-rural area going to Uni, for months I'd trek from RMIT to the closest gardens to eat lunch under a canopy of trees at the Exhibition gardens. [0]
Melbourne's northern clime trees and some native vegetation is at risk of premature death. [1] Something like 20% or 375 different species. Lot of planning going into inner-city deforestation.
[0] Like this https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:English_Elm_avenue.jpg
[1] Birdie Smith, "Tree change for Melbourne, as the city plans for a warmer world" http://www.smh.com.au/environment/tree-change-for-melbourne-... 2016 Nov 17.
Riiiiight...
I'm not sure where you got that number, but according to the link you provided, the max diameter of General Sherman is 11.1 m
Trees in background not catalogued
- street trees ("alignement")
https://opendata.paris.fr/explore/dataset/arbresalignementpa...
- park trees
https://opendata.paris.fr/explore/dataset/les-arbres/map/?lo...
It's anyway kind of pointless to jam such data into OSM. Most rendering tools are happy to use multiple data sources, so someone interested in such specialized information can just get it from New York City.
That doesn't mean that it absolutely shouldn't be added to OSM, but there should be some clear motivations and benefits, not just helping (hypothetical) lazy people (that might be interested in the data) avoid a JOIN (which is hyperbole, for this data you don't even have to match anything up, just use it together with a base map).
There are a lot of trees added to OSM in European countries for example, not everyone needs to know that e.g. Berlin has tree data in this DB and Frankfurt in another one.
The interest in such data is going to tend to be local or be forced to take into account the nature of the data collection (and thus benefit from directly accessing the curated source data). An example of the latter would be an academic analysis; to pull data from OSM, it would need to start by determining geographic areas with good coverage, or the results would be utterly meaningless.
Namely, changes to open records laws to make it okay to work on data sets that are not strictly public domain.
Here's an example. The National Park Service can't treat OSM as their canonical data store:
https://www.nps.gov/npmap/blog/nps-plus-osm-equals-places-of...
People play blame-the-ODBL, but there's not really any epically strong arguments against adjusting the public records laws to be a little more flexible.
Search "comments" rather than "stories".
Even things with direct utility like food have weird economic values, not objective values tied only to their utility.
Got X budget this year. Used 1/2 of X budget for useful things.
Requirement: Use all of X budget or receive only 1/2 of X budget next year.
Solution: Use the budget to map all the trees.
Deriving additional value from that data is hardly a case of trying to waste money.
Mapping of trees was going to be done by whoever was responsible for maintaining them, on a smaller basis by anyone required to work around them (say for sidewalk work), and probably by multiple other organizations.
Still a nice project.
I've never understood the appeal of cities (other than a quick 1-2 day visit).
Cities are more inefficient[1], have more pollution[2], have less nature[3], stink like shit[4], have less happiness[5], have more noise[6], require subways and mass transit just to get around, are more expensive[7], etc. (the list almost doesn't end).
1. https://www.hks.harvard.edu/content/download/70101/1253214/v...
2. http://www.health.com/health/gallery/0,,20490855,00.html
3. I don't think I need a citation for this one
4. http://www.businessinsider.com/why-new-york-city-smells-in-t...
5. http://www.citylab.com/housing/2016/06/the-price-of-happines...
6. http://earthjournalism.net/resources/noise-pollution-managin...
7. http://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-2/expenditures-of-urban-a...
That's not what your source says at all.
What it says is that there is a point where further increases in density will provide less positive economic effects than negative. It does not say what that point is, nor does it say that there aren't means that can move the interesection point further up. The point where a city becomes less efficient than a rural area is also much further up the density scale, because to get there you first need the inefficiencies to outweight all the benefits, not merely rise faster than the benefits.
The paper doesn't even try to quantify which cities might have reached or exceeded the threshold where further density would be detrimental. All it does is try to establish office rents as an indicator of the efficiency of land use policies.
The paper itself also points out a lot of caveats even for their very limited goals.