1. There is none, and it's awful, once there are more than two developers.
2. There are dedicated QA people, who click on things in a more or less formalized fashion depending on the company, and sign off on releases. This is "pretty bad" at most places once you have a product that can't be easily verified by a couple of people in a few hours
3. You have dedicated Test Engineers, who are just software developers who write test automation. This can be good, but usually ends up with mid-low quality engineers filling this role for a variety of reasons.
4. Test Engineers are just Software Engineers who specialize in test-automation work. They write automation in high bug areas, and keep a larger overview of the product (set) to identify problematic areas and work with the product developers to solve those problems.
5. The article. Test Engineers write infrastructure for testing and reporting, (and possibly proof-of-concepts). Product developers are responsible for their own quality. Test Engineers may also act as consultants for product teams.
It's probably worth pointing out that 2-5 are all reasonable places to be for different sized companies, at different stages. We shouldn't assume that everyone should be at a company that is 'like Google', since things that make sense at Google scale may not make sense for your 20 developer startup.
edited for formatting only
Do Test Engineers at Google do this kind of work as well?
Also (half important point, half plug) solid test results reporting is underestimated in importance and generally not done well. Doing that right can boost engagement with testing. A reason that Tesults (https://www.tesults.com) exists and I'm involved with it.
Ahhh!
You could like, be the guy who writes a few unit tests.