>Sure, but even in western music the chromatic scale is considered to have been exhausted in the 20th century.

Yeah, but by people like Schoenberg, Alban Berg, and the like, or the wilder jazz guys. Not exactly what most people enjoy with a cup of coffee.

>Modern music has moved on to use other notes and sounds and in many cases is not even pitch-centric.

I think that for e.g. electronic, dance, experimental music etc, the chromatic scale/classical harmony/etc. is still a good foundation -- the additional not pitch-centric focus is either in rhythm (which is orthogonal) or in sample/noise-based focus which usually just goes with "if it sounds good, it's ok" kind of approach.

So, not much micro-tonal or other approaches going on in practice.