I haven't used a function key since WordPerfect 5 for DOS.
It's also a bit odd to generalise this to European keyboards as some layouts vary wildly on the continent based on the lack of or added letters to their alphabet. Also, UK is in Europe so would count as a European layout.
On, and control next to the a,and caps lock something that requires two people to turn keys at the same time from separate bunkers.
F2 - rename
F4 - jump to the address bar (explorer, elsewhere)
F5 - refresh in the browser, execute/debug in various places
F9 to F12 - Visual Studio debugging and navigation
F11 - full-screen toggle (browser)
F8 - Step into
Shift F8 - Step over
F9 - inspect symbol
F10 - execute to cursor