I think the comparison to financial debt is leaky in the sense that a developer may ad infinitum cobble things around their ignorance, albeit not too performant or clean code, but there is no explicit accumulating interest. Yes, middle-school you was ostensibly wise to wait with learning about compilers but learning about the CPython interpreter may be wise to stave off even for the older-older you. That "ignorance" will not necessarily overtime have a negative effect on you and if so it's not an accumulation of debt, it's the exact opposite as you can invest the time on another thing with a better return on investment.
So, I appreciate the sentiment but calling it debt is a metaphorical misnomer.