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I find this incredibly interesting. Do you have any more information on the subject you can point me to?

Best thing is to probably search around for "Synthetic Training"

Here are two examples of some of the research done in this area:

I created a project https://github.com/qiuwch/synthetic-computer-vision trying to summarize works that used synthetic data for computer vision. Might be worth to have a look.

You might want to add the ICL-NUIM dataset for SLAM/Visual Odometers: https://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~ahanda/VaFRIC/iclnuim.html