VSLab: MATLAB-like visualizations for F# and Visual Studio
vslab.codeplex.com
vslab.codeplex.com
Matlab allows that too: http://www.mathworks.com/products/compiler/
You can bundle a runtime and a bunch of source (or intermediate code) into a single executable and call it a standalone application.
I had a BASIC compiler for my Apple II that parsed the in-memory source, turned it into sequences of calls to the BASIC in ROM plus a small bunch of "bridge" code and saved the resulting blob as a binary file that could be called from the BASIC prompt. It made my programs up to 5 times faster.
If you really want a standalone app, you have to look into stuff that runs without an OS.