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If bananas reflected yellow light, but we saw them as blue instead by some purely neuropsychological phenomenon, would this cause any significant problems?

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That's actually a question of qualia and as long as you see the same frequency or collection of frequencies as the same color consistently, you can swap them around arbitrarily, but if you can't tell the difference between, for example, red and green, that is a real disadvantage.

Is that true? Yellow/Orange/Red are perceived as 'danger' colors. Is that just a made up association in our brains, or do we see yellow/orange/red more readily? If you flashed a bright orange billboard in front of a chimpanzee, would you get a different reaction than if you flashed one that was dark blue?

Orange and dark blue are names we give to perceived frequencies of light.

Dark blue isn't really any 'darker' in terms of energy content spectrum than orange is, its our brains that have evolved to make this association that X spectrum is dark and Y spectrum is bright.

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