My understanding is that surgery research mostly takes place at university hospitals. I think that, outside medical devices, there isn't the same kind of non-practising science industry behind surgery research - it's all done by surgeons at research hospitals.
Research hospitals tend to be university hospitals and outside (and even inside) the US, university hospitals tend to be loosely government controlled.
So if we want to know what state controlled medical research could look like, I guess we just look to surgery.
Currently its all about restless legs and secondary asthma relief and snake-oil mixtures of drugs rebranded under goofy names.
The drug companies have largely abdicated their responsibilities. For profit. What remains are money-making shells. Can't we just do without them? They are adding friction at this point.
For example, a tour guide in one poor country I visited mentioned that he knew guides that were trained doctors. Because good tour guides there make more money than doctors. Coincidentally, they also have a shortage of doctors. Kind of like America having a shortage of teachers when governments set the salary.
(The dustup over Martin Shkreli raising the price of Daraprim only happened because there were very few users of the drug)