I am trying to think of a criminal activity that you can conduct over the phone analogous to piracy (but can't come up with one).
It doesn't have to be analogous to piracy, for example: if I use your phone to discuss a bank robbery with my partners in crime, even without your knowledge, you could be charged with conspiracy.
Depending on local laws of course.
If you permanently have your phone outside your front door, and a passerby uses your phone to commit/coordinate crimes, you may well be liable, yes.
So are the owners of pay phones liable?
No. They're exploited by common carriers, whose status gives them judicial exemptions.