Senator Seeks Answers from Facebook on Political Censoring Allegations
commerce.senate.gov
commerce.senate.gov
That being said, this is the type of thing that makes 1984 look a lot less like fiction. How many 13-18 year olds, who don't watch TV, are instead experiencing intense indoctrination controlled by Facebook? No matter your political leanings you must find this troublesome.
I remember when I was 18 I went to college, started working, started paying taxes, and stopped watching TV. Suddenly I had space to question my political views, which I realized on the whole had been implanted by the media. Facebook could be even worse - how many people actually get away from their influence?
intense indoctrination
Where you seeing that? And if filtering a few news stories on a social networking site is 'intense', then what are those private companies writing specifically tilted views of history for school textbooks in Texas doing?The same large numbers that makes A/B testing and "growth hacking" so effective for a marketing message can be learned and automatically applied here on a scale that dwarfs even Google.
All of the messages between people on Facebook in a country? In the US, I'm sure it's probably 80%+ of the American electorate at this point. Just subtle suppression of a few stories is enough. Even manipulating trending topics might be enough to have a statistical effect. Facebook was researching emotional effects as far back as 2012 and they never said that they stopped nor did they close that part of the company.
With Facebook it's not if, it's how much manipulation is going on. Not just in America but, around most of the Western world.
Exactly this.
A 4,900-word essay by Robert Epstein (formerly editor in chief of _Psychology Today_, take that however you may) entitled "How the Internet Flips Elections and Alters our Thoughts" discusses a number of studies that show merely listing search results has the effect of shaping the opinion of undecided people. [0] Furthermore, such suasion seems to increase rather than diminish when subjects are aware of such manipulation.
Epstein writes
>We have also learned something very disturbing – that search engines are influencing far more than what people buy and whom they vote for. We now have evidence suggesting that on virtually all issues where people are initially undecided, search rankings are impacting almost every decision that people make. They are having an impact on the opinions, beliefs, attitudes and behaviours of internet users worldwide – entirely without people’s knowledge that this is occurring. This is happening with or without deliberate intervention by company officials; even so-called ‘organic’ search processes regularly generate search results that favour one point of view, and that in turn has the potential to tip the opinions of millions of people who are undecided on an issue. In one of our recent experiments, biased search results shifted people’s opinions about the value of fracking by 33.9 per cent.
So, the point is not whether the indoctrination is intense or even intentional. Merely showing items in a list of search results has the effect of shaping the opinion of people who have not yet formed an opinion.
Given that Facebook curates what appears in each user's feed and the fact that many people receive much of their news only from social media [1], it would be prudent for democracies to carefully consider what kinds of disclosures, disclaimers, and/or disallowances social media companies should be subject to given that in the 21st century such private corporations occupy an unprecedented position in informing the public, regardless of intention.
[0] https://aeon.co/essays/how-the-internet-flips-elections-and-...
[1] http://www.niemanlab.org/2015/07/new-pew-data-more-americans...
EDIT: Provide 2nd link; grammar
intense indoctrination requires that it be done through the internet, via an optional social media service.
Owning a car is 'optional' in the same sense. In that in many places in the U.S it isn't optional, unless you're self-employed. Otherwise, you're going to be unemployed. There is a large trade off for making the choice.
Any people who willingly opt out of social media (especially Facebook) risk alienating themselves from friends and family entirely. Seen as "weird" for opting out of having a FB/refusing to use it entirely. Even weirder if you cite "privacy concerns" as your reasoning for not having it.
There is far too much social pressure for most people to put up with not having one. Unless they already lead healthy social lives or are socially reclusive enough that social pressure is lost entirely on them.
Source: Living life without Facebook
[1] http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2015/10/16/survey-finds-teens-pr...
Either way, my broader point was "social media being 'optional' doesn't really mean it is 'optional'". You can opt out - but there is a tradeoff that not everyone is willing to make.
As for indoctrination - I'm far more concerned with 18-25 year olds who have the ability to vote being indoctrinated into a certain mindset than 13-17 year olds. (E: You know what, on a second visit to my post both are equally bad as the 13-17 will be able to vote "soon" too.)
ps: Twitter has a similar issue. They suppress and attempt to censor trending hashtags (preventing them from autocompleting) that go against their political standings.
Not that I approve of Facebook manipulating users, I think we are at a point where we need to diffuse power wherever we can. We certainly shouldn't blithely hand it to businesses. That said, it's hard to not end up at least giving the above aspect of it some consideration.
Surveying university campus climates, just about anything looks like an improvement.
https://www.facebook.com/tstocky/posts/10100853082337958?pnr...
TL;DR: We don't manipulate the feed and we're pretty sure none of our contractors have, and we've checked before, but we'll check again.
Again, the question is not if but, how much they manipulate. Calling it an "Algorithm" that is staffed by "Quality Editors" who can group tags and things together to make trending topics bigger is just a defense mechanism. Facebook can say or make anything they want to appear or disappear in your feed.
But don't pretend there is some objective measure of "unbiased" that for example The Guardian or BBC pass and other outlets don't. That is the same mindset any gatekeeper has: to bring the best news to the readers, where "best" is of course subjective. Be it with an algorithm or directly, Facebook editorializes — heavily, it would appear.
An unbiased news source does not exist. The very fact that 'newsworthiness' is subjective should be tipping you off.
> In a statement responding to the allegations, Facebook has claimed to have “rigorous guidelines in place for the review team” to prevent “the suppression of political perspectives” or the “prioritization of one viewpoint over another or one news outlet over another.”
> Our amendment would have helped preserve the vibrant marketplace of ideas we have today in our media. Our support for freedom of conscience and freedom of speech means that we must support the rights granted to even those with whom we disagree. Giving power to a few to regulate fairness in the media is a recipe for an Orwellian disaster.
So it's an Orwellian disaster for the fairness doctrine to extend to talk radio, but he's okay with the government threatening a private internet company to make sure there's enough conservative opinion being displayed? Nice scruples.
During the aughts, treating political and opinions blogs as donations in kind, and therefore subject to campaign finance rules, was pushed pretty hard.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Akre#Whistleblower_lawsui...
This article helped me to better understand some of what's going on:
"Agnotology ... is the study of culturally induced ignorance or doubt..."
And the biggest issue I have, is that as far as I know, from January 2014 to present, Facebook's help page was written in a way to mislead users on how trending topics actually work [1]. From reading that help description, most users, including me, imagined Trending topics to work as /u/cft described. Yet that page has no mention that every single trending article on Facebook is curated by a human. How is that not an enormous oversight?
[1] https://www.facebook.com/help/737806312958641 How does Facebook determine what topics are trending?
> Trending shows you topics that have recently become popular on Facebook. The topics you see are based on a number of factors including engagement, timeliness, Pages you've liked and your location.
> On a computer, the topics are grouped into 5 categories: All News, Politics, Science and Technology, Sports and Entertainment.
What if a larger proportion of Facebook users are younger, which typically leans left, and therefore left news trends more? Oh, wait it is that way...
People think that Facebook is a place where their friends, and family post things. By extension, they think that Facebook trends are just "what's popular" not, what Facebook as a company is saying or endorsing.
No one holds Facebook responsible for a topic that is trending. Actually, I take that back, a bunch of people do but, they are dismissed out of hand as idiots.
Facebook really doesn't want to be in the publishing of ideas business. Their responsibility would be higher.
The air shouldn't have an opinion on the sound traveling through it.
Facebook has the means to manipulate ideas at scale. They have researched it. We are just supposed to blindly trust them because of a vaguely worded Facebook post? A post where to respond, I have to log in and identify myself?
I mean, it's hard to not to see this as Orwellian or just plain stupid. Other than choosing (and then doubling down on) PHP, I don't see Facebook as run by stupid people.
Either they think this thing will just blow over and no one will care. This much trust in something that isn't transparent is just bad for democracy. Facebook isn't the TV station, it's the airwaves. They have to be held to different standards.
I don't agree with Facebook's actions in intentionally creating bias, but bias is essentially a constitutionally protected right via free speech. I don't have to agree with them for them to have a right to do it.
Trending happens regardless of political view. If they're manually suppressing views which don't align with FB management then users should be made aware of this.
I can't really seem to recall facebook making any promise about being a neutral party.
Additionally, the Facebook feed is not a linear display of content. The feed has been manipulated for a while now. So users have known for a long time that Facebook changes what they view according to Facebook's whims.
I don't know enough about this particular issue to judge Facebook but I think it is pretty well established that preventing fraudulent communications is a legitimate role for government.
In one sense, assuming this happened and is true, the Senate has a point. Having said that, even if the Senate does have a point, this doesn't rise to the level of being worth pursuing. In fact, I think as a society we're all too ready to try to invoke legal remedies for relative minor transgressions, including for claims of false advertising. Yes, Facebook should be able to do what ever they want on their service; including being a little fast and loose with the truth and still get away without legal sanction so long as no one was hurt as a result.
If they lied about what was trending or not or, shall we say, carefully defined what it means "to trend", I know about it now, I suffered no direct physical or financial harm, and can make the case Facebook isn't to be trusted in such matters. I'm not a conservative, but I am nearly wholly opposed to political progressivism and the political left's agenda. I can tell you I had already figured Facebook manipulated (manually or algorithmically) their news feed and trending news box to meet their own interests be that political or economic. Nonetheless, I think the First Amendment concerns are greater than the concerns of possible puffery about what is "trending" or not and that government force, or the threat thereof, is not the answer.
Taken along these lines, ranking algorithms which produce highly consistent and curated/biased results could be understood as more or less adhering or flouting Net Neutrality, depending.
I think the analogy is worth thinking about, even if we judge human-readable content (news stories) differently than machine-readble content (uninspected packets).
More examples in an earlier comment:
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-26/merkel-con...
Facebook answers to its interests as a company.
Since when are not newspapers curated, and leaning left or right? Did someone go ask Fox News to explain manipulation to the Senate? Facebook may make decisions that cost its credibility, but it's in its own right as a private company to select the content they provide, just as it can skew your timelines or suck every piece of data from your browsing habits and resell it to advertisers ( you accepted their terms after all)
Facebook is not a public service nor an NGO nor a bunch of nuns doing charity work.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i3KfQoFHEDs
facit: two pages were opened on the same date, one inciting to violence against 'jews' (the page was called 'Stop Israelis' but the message seems clear), the other doing the same against 'palestinians'. After posting more and more - and stronger and stronger - messages to both pages the makers reported both pages to Facebook. Result? The page inciting to violence against 'palestinians' was closed the same day, with an explanation from Facebook that said page was 'found to be in violation of their community standards'. The other page, which was identical in most parts except for the fact that it was 'jews' which were targeted was not closed, with Facebook answering that 'it was not found to violate any of their standards'.
When this brew up a bit of a storm on the 'net Facebook eventually rescinded and closed the page, explaining it away as 'an error'.
What I suspect is that there is a large peer pressure inside the Facebook censor team to align to a certain - and probably narrow - spectrum of acceptable views, one which traditionally is called 'left-wing' or 'liberal' even though both names don't seem to fit the ideas being espoused. Living in Sweden I've seen the same concept at work in the traditional media, this has gotten so strong that the word for it in Swedish - åsiktskorridor (literally 'view corridor', roughly 'acceptable views') - has become a mainstream word. This has lead to an explosion in the number of 'alternative' media channels as well as a record low level of trust in the 'traditional' media.
In other words, Facebook would do well to study the Swedish situation and learn from the mistakes made here if they don't want to end up in the same situation: mistrusted, deemed unreliable and outdated.
"Congress shall make no law"
Any alternatives to FB out there worth using? There are 6 mentioned in this comment: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=10701871 and I've also heard of unseen.is as a messaging platform from Iceland.
We have become a nation that is willing to believe anything that agrees with our confirmation bias, including outlandish and far-reaching conspiracy theories.
Facebook has publicly stated they have done psychological A/B testing, so I suppose they opened themselves up to this line of accusation.
Corporations are entitled to keep and bear arms?!
1. are there contractual obligations to republican orgs that purchased ad space on FB that are breached if FB has a systematic internal bias against their political position. I.e. can every conservative org band together in a class action? They might not win but they have the political clout to run a very damaging discovery process.
2. using information to influence financial markets and benefiting from it is very illegal and people go down for it all the time. If some third party made a successful trading business using facebook information, I'm sure there's someone at the DOJ who can turn that into a conspiracy to defraud markets case.
My gamble is that it would be the complete opposite of how this thread is evolving.
Please.
Facebook has conducted research on how even small changes to the overall system can materially affect the mood and how that mood was contagious to a given subject's social network. (“Experimental Evidence of Massive-Scale Emotional Contagion through Social Networks”)
The public was disturbed. The university partner in all of this had put out a press-release saying that it passed their ethics board only because the University researchers themselves weren't doing it directly but, merely helped design the experiment.
This says that Facebook has people on staff that have been conducting this sort of thing at scale since 2012. They have no one to answer to. They have everything to gain. If they stay secret, they have nothing to lose.
An individual has no way to detect this because like the proverbial frog in lukewarm water slowly brought to a boil, the filtering on our social network never was so alarming that we jumped out en-masse.
Now Zuckerberg and company could be listening in and manipulating the social discourse of almost all of the free world. We wouldn't know.
People highly suspect that Twitter has a leftist agenda with pushing certain speech and suppressing other speech. Even if you completely agree with Twitter or Facebook's political stance, it should disturb you.
It's like getting on a soapbox in the town square and the air only carrying certain ideas to the town people's ears and refusing to vibrate for others but, you hear all of them just as loud. Over time you'd think that people just aren't responsive to your ideas, get down off your soap box and go home, thinking that democracy was done and that people just didn't like your ideas.
So, Facebook has the means, has the technology, has the research to know how effective it is, has had practice in (publicly) as far back as 2012.
The question isn't if they are going to manipulate the 2016 election, the question is how and to what degree. Even if they deny it, there's really no outside body to know at this point without any inside information.
Granted, Google also has this power to a certain degree and bears responsibility for demonstrating that they aren't manipulating politics. Google has more transparency and their products are to the end of being the library of the world.
Facebook manipulates the messages sent between friends and family. They step into trust relationships. There is a world of difference between the politics of a site on the internet as a search result and an impassioned plea by one of my friends or a family member. The idea that Facebook would suppress those ideas from me is the most disgusting, despicable and detestable thing I can think of. I hold Facebook to a much, much higher standard than Google. Their transparency is much, much poorer.
Ultimately, Google indexes the open internet and I can test their results against other search engines and research projects. Facebook owns both the network and messages. It is impossible for an outside party to verify anything that Facebook says about this at this point. We know that what they do can be significant; that they have researched how effective it can be since 2012.
I don't think it's overly cautious nor paranoid to ask them for transparency on this.
Few more sessions with senates, parliaments and assemblies of the world, and Zuck will be off to go cure a African disease or something appointing a yes woman like Sundar Pichai to clean up the mess.
And thats whats wrong with Silicon Valley.
Try reporting something like a page post from Franklin Graham pointedly referring to Caitlyn Jenner as "he" with associated condemnation (and associated comments advocating violence) and watch it get bounced back as "not violating community standards".
Seems like backwards priorities to me. Anyway, if you are trying to steer discourse it's more subtle to suppress featured items than it is to ban figures beloved by certain segments of the country. Also less risk of offending people away from FB and risking ad revenue.