Will We Glue Skyscrapers Together in the Future?
citylab.com
citylab.com
Structural steel was adopted quickly once it was clear that it was superior to all other existing construction technologies. The same thing would be true with glue-this and glue-that, if it turned out the be true. It's not. It's the architectural equivalent of vapor-ware.
Sorry Herr Lynn, we are still waiting for your shoe houses.
Analysis of the accident blamed the workers who installed the bolts, but I think the big lesson is that construction sites are messy, and don't provide the best environment for the delicate chemical reactions needed to set adhesives properly.
[1] http://archpaper.com/news/articles.asp?id=185
[2] http://www.portafab.com/curtainwall-connecting-adhesives.htm...
Current materials can rust or rot over time. Water can get in places and cause failures[1].
The problem, in my uneducated-on-the-topic mind, is that glue seems more likely to fail all at once or exhibit a cascade failure than mechanical fasteners.
[1] - http://www.mercurynews.com/bay-area-news/ci_28329832/berkele...
Certain epoxies can be mixed in a range from 2:1 to 1:1, giving a range of flexibilities.
Epoxy can also be combined with rubber.
EDIT: I get why people like glue for things like carbon fiber bikes, etc because weight is an issue and you can't really bolt it. But for buildings? That's a different use case.
It's cheaper. And you can glue wibbly shaped bits together easier than bolting.
The one drawback is that, if you have to replace a portion of a structure that is glued, the process is necessarily destructive. You can limit the destruction, but you still have to cut the old piece out. It doesn't seem like this would generally be a problem with buildings, though, as almost every type of renovation is destructive.
http://www.repairerdrivennews.com/2015/10/23/gm-spotlights-s...
http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-bay-bridge-repor...
http://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/Caltrans-Allowed-Bad-We...
And things are known to be even worse than these older stories imply. I couldn't find a good, concise summary of the problems, costs, and long-term effects.
Has anyone ever witnessed a glue lam beam burn? How would glue fasteners in a skyscraper perform in a fire? The relevant industry needs to conduct studies and show proof that it's safe.
Safety is a big bandwagon in the CA Leg., so plenty of good data would be needed to push innovation into building codes.
Based on my knowledge of how the CA State Fire Marshal works, it'll be 2040 or later for glue welds make it into CA building codes, if the tech proves to be viable.
Unlike aircraft that are made in a carefully controlled factory environment; building sites can be harsh places to work and fastening systems have to have the flexibility and design margins to cope with this.
Unless glues start getting a track record of being significantly better (cost, strength, resilience) than current fastening systems I doubt we will see much adoption.
Adhesives typically bond in a chemical way to the materials being attached. This bonding, whether covalent or ionic, is a separate material between the bonded materials. And while that can be good for helping materials resist thermal expansion forces, it can be bad in that the ageing properties of the adhesive is often dissimilar to the ageing properties of the bonded material.
Given the advent of extensive amounts of computer power to comprehensively model these properties I could easily see civil engineers adopting adhesives either as an alternative to, or adjunct to, welding and fastening as a way to keep structural members together.
For me personally, the discussion of adhesives was the second most interesting part of my materials science classes after forging/working of steel (I always wanted to make my own swords).
Also there are many adhesives that require temperature treatment so where do you draw the line between "welding" and "adhesives"? Just a thought experiment. I know there is probbably a strict definition.
However if you've ever used a mig or flood welder, it's really not very far off of from a hot glue gun or just dumping glue on the thing.
As I understand it, the defining trait of welding (as compared to soldering or brazing) is that the process fundamentally alters the structure of the materials being bonded. The bonded faces are not merely adhered together with a filler material, but become a cohesive whole on a molecular level.
The engineering problems posed by adhesive bonding arise largely because the properties of three materials must be taken into account - the two materials to be bonded and the adhesive itself. The adhesive could react chemically with one or both of the bonded materials, it may be stressed by differences in the coefficients of thermal expansion etc.
When you say "multi element filler", it seems likely you are saying "welding" when we think you should be saying "brazing". True welding of dissimilar metals is sometimes possible, but is not very common, and usually requires some exotic processes most of us are less familiar with: laser, ultrasonic, diffusion, explosion. There's description of some of these here: http://www.totalmateria.com/page.aspx?ID=CheckArticle&site=k...
"Strictly" speaking you don't, because there are other techniques, such as diffusion welding.